高密度聚乙烯6300M和2480的耐环境应力开裂性能研究

研究了成型塑料管材的两种牌号的高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)6300M和2480的耐环境应力开裂(ESCR)性能。研究中采用的测试方法为一般弯曲试片法、在管上取样的弯曲试片法和恒定压应变法-压缩环法。根据两种材料测试结果及与其他牌号HDPE测试数据比较,对他们的ESCR进行评价,并讨论和解释了HDPE结构参数,ESCR与韧性形变和脆性断裂之间的联系。     

HDPE电缆绝缘护套料的耐环境应力开裂性改性研究

研究采用不同的乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)、线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)对高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)电缆绝缘护套料的耐环境应力开裂(ESCR)性、力学性能的影响．研究表明：在操作情况一定时，共混物中EVA中VA含量的增加、EVA含量的增加、LLDPE含量的增加都会改善HDPE的耐环境应力开裂性、综合机械强度、韧性等，并可降低成本．可以得到HDPE电缆绝缘护套料的最优配方。     

Fracture behavior and environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR) of HIPS/PE blends and the effect of compatibilization on their properties

Attempts have been made to study the fracture behavior and environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR) of HIPS/PE blends. The effect of compatibilization on their properties was also studied. EWF tests were conducted to measure the essential specific work of fracture (w_e) and non-essential specific work of fracture (βw_p). The ESCR of the samples was investigated using a special modified tensile creep test under an aggressive environment (sunflower oil). It was found that EWF methodology could be applied to uncompatibilized and compatibilized HIPS/PE blends as well as HIPS. The essential specific work of fracture of compatibilized HIPS/PE blends was higher than uncompatibilized HIPS/PE blends and pure HIPS, while its non-essential work of fracture was higher than uncompatibilized blends and lower than pure HIPS. The results also showed that the ESCR of HIPS decreases with incorporation of PE, but an effective compatibilization of this blend increases its ESCR even higher than pure HIPS. The different properties of compatibilized and uncompatibilized blends and HIPS, in EWF and ESCR tests, were attributed to the different mechanisms of fracture in these materials. The different mechanisms of fracture were justified using morphological studies performed on fracture surfaces of each sample. SEM images showed that there is a reasonable correlation between mechanisms of fracture and microstructure of the samples.     

Validation of an Alternative Method for Testing the Chemical Compatibility of Liquids with Polyethylene Packagings for Dangerous Goods

Safety risks may ensue when the chemicals contained in polyethylene packagings ^a age and damage them. To prevent subsequent accidents, the European Dangerous Goods Regulations have laid down requirements for testing the chemical compatibility of liquid dangerous goods transported in polyethylene packagings. The test procedures include 6 months in which the chemical is prestored in the packaging. After this time, the respective design‐type tests are performed. Alternative methods with so‐called standard liquids, simulating the different types of damaging effects, are also possible. If a packaging has successfully passed the design type tests with a standard liquid, other dangerous goods may also be transported in this packaging, as long as it is demonstrated that they have a less damaging effect than the standard liquid. However, in this area there is only little information and research available. A new potentially effective and time‐saving method for comparing the stress crack damaging influence of liquids with standard liquids was proposed by a major German chemical company. The validation of this method, which was carried out on two polyethylene materials, showed the general applicability of the method. Two kinds of wetting solutions were applied to simulate cracking under stress. The influence of prestorage, test temperatures, wetting agents and material was examined. FEM calculations were carried out to ascertain the influence of the sample shape. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

影响5200B树脂耐环境应力开裂性能的因素及改进措施

分析HDPE装置淤浆法生产5200B时,影响产品耐环境应力开裂(ESCR)性能的因素。改变浆液配比、加入共聚单体,控制首釜浆液MFR的稳定性等是提高5200B ESCR性能的有效措施。     

Environmental Stress‐Cracking Resistance of LDPE/EVA Blends

Blends of low‐density polyethylene with random copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate (PE/EVA) are studied with respect to their environmental stress‐cracking resistance (ESCR) using the Bell‐telephone test. This system shows the shortest time to failure in the ESCR test after annealing at 50 °C in a stress‐cracking agent (Igepal solution) compared with that in the tests conducted at 30 and 70 °C. The increase of the time to failure at 70 °C as compared with that at 50 °C is probably the result of the semicrystalline proportion of EVA melting. Transmission electron microscopy images (see Figure) reveal that EVA particles are molten and deformed in bending direction of the sample at 70 °C in contrast to samples annealed at 50 and 30 °C. TEM pictures of a failed sample during the test conducted at 50 °C indicate that EVA particles can stop crack propagation.

TEM image of PE/EVA‐5.4 after 1 000 h in ESCR test conditions at 70 °C.     

聚乙烯耐环境应力开裂性能的改进

研究了4种粒状或粉状改性剂(LLDPE、CPE、SBS、EVA)对HDPE的耐环境应力开裂(ESCR)性能的共混改性,探讨了改性机理。结果表明,LLDPE主要通过改变晶体形态和降低结晶度改性,而CPE、SBS、EVA则主要通过加强晶区间连接改性,后者对ESCR的改性效果更显著。     

Relationship between Structure and Mechanical Properties of Melt Processable PTFE: Influence of Molecular Weight and Comonomer Content

The influence of molecular weight and comonomer content on the mechanical properties of several melt‐processable polytetrafluoroethylene (MP PTFE) materials is studied. Additionally, a comparison of mechanical properties including tensile properties and their dependence on environment as well as fatigue life of PTFE, MP PTFE and perfluoroalkoxy copolymer (PFA) is made. PTFE homopolymer and PTFE copolymers exhibit considerably different mechanical properties. The small strain deformation behaviour up to yielding correlates with the degree of crystallinity and comonomer content, whereas the large strain deformation was found to depend on intercrystalline connections, such as tie molecules and chain entanglements. The special role of these elements in determining the fatigue life and sensitivity to environmental stress cracking is also demonstrated.

     

Craze morphology and molecular orientation in the slow crack growth failure of polyethylene

An optical microscopy study and a micro‐Raman spectroscopy study were carried out on polyethylene samples subjected to an environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR) test. The aim was to elucidate the molecular deformation mechanisms associated with the failure process. It has been shown that in the early stages of the ESCR test, in a regime of low local stress, failure in the craze occurs via a brittle process with limited ductility and with molecular orientation being detected. As the experiment progresses, however, extensive fibrillation takes place. The molecular orientation in these fibrils was found to be comparable to that measured in cold‐drawn samples. Moreover, the fibril molecular orientation decreased from the crack to craze tip and was found to be higher in the midrib part of the fibril (fibril failure point). As a consequence, fibril creep is the most likely mechanism of failure in the craze. Microscopy and Raman measurements showed that the extent of the brittle process is molecular weight‐dependent, that is, the brittle process seems to operate longer at higher molecular weights. These observations are in agreement with a previous work which showed that the molecular stress per macroscopic strain/stress decreases with increasing molecular weight, therefore holding the high molecular weight craze in a regime of low local stress for longer testing times. Fibrils spanning the craze are envisaged as the anchor points that hold the structure during the process of failure. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 283–296, 2000     

分极接入模式的多端直流特点与故障响应比较

大容量直流输电受端采用多端直流接入模式,有利于解决其大容量直流馈入电网特别是多回直流集中馈入电网带来的稳定性问题。介绍了分极接入、并联多端接入两种主要多端直流受端接入模式的设计特点,对交直流故障进行了电磁暂态仿真分析,对比了两种直流受端接入模式的故障响应特性、对控制保护的影响以及对受端电网影响的区别,指出分极接入模式下任何一极接入弱交流系统,均会影响整个直流系统的稳定运行能力,直流线路瞬时故障期间另一极接入的逆变站受影响小。研究结果可以为电力系统应对大容量直流接入优化设计提供参考。