Differences in content and composition of free lipids and carotenoids in flour of spring and winter wheat cultivated in Poland

The work presents the content and composition of free lipids and carotenoids in spring and winter classes of wheat flour. It discusses genetical and physiological aspects of their synthesis and accumulation in wheat kernels and also indicates how methodological differences explain differences in results presented in the literature. It has been reported that spring wheat flours are richer in free lipids, especially in the non-polar fraction. The content of glycolipids ranged from 134 to 215 mg/100 g flour and was more stable within the winter wheat class. The percentages of the two main fractions, namely DGDG and MGDG, were similar in both wheat classes and reached ca. 77%. Phospholipids constituted the smallest fraction of the flour free lipids in both wheat classes; however, spring wheat flours were richer in these compounds, which is likely associated with a greater content of spherosomes in the endosperm of this wheat class. The free lipids of spring wheat flour contained more oleic and slightly less linoleic and linolenic acids. Spring wheat flour was also richer in carotenoids, although there were varieties in both classes that deviated from this. The main carotenoid was lutein, whose total percentage in the form of different isomers ranged from 71.3% to 83.3% and was slightly lower for spring wheat flour. Lutein, in the form of a trans-isomer, constituted about 62% and 70% of all carotenoids in spring and winter wheat flours, respectively.     

Non-methylene Interrupted and Hydroxy Fatty Acids in Polar Lipids of the Alga Grateloupia turuturu Over the Four Seasons

Phospholipids (PL) and glycolipids (GL) FA in the edible Rhodophyta Grateloupia turuturu, from Brittany, France, were investigated over four seasons. The major lipid class was GL in all seasons (around 45 %). More than 80 FA occurred in polar lipids, with chains from C₁₂ to C₂₆, identified as methyl esters and N-acyl pyrrolidides by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). PUFA occurred at up to 47.1 % (summer) in PL, and up to 43.6 % (summer) in GL. The major PUFA were 20:5n-3 (12.2 % in PL and 29.0 % in GL) and 20:4n-6 (25.6 % in PL and 10.4 % in GL). The unusual 18:3n-7 acid was identified in PL up to 2.2 %. Several minor unsaturated FA were identified in PL and are previously unreported in seaweeds, namely 14-tricosenoic, 15-tetracosenoic, 5,11-octadecadienoic and 5,9-nonadecadienoic. Also unprecedented in seaweeds, ten 2-hydroxy and three 3-hydroxy FA occurred mainly in PL, 13.9 % in spring with the 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid as the major one (8.1 % winter). Three n-9 monounsaturated 2-hydroxy FA occurred in PL. The 2-hydroxy-15-tetracosenoic acid was characterized as the dimethyl disulfide adduct of its methyl ester. The 2-hydroxy-16-pentacosenoic and 2-hydroxy-17-hexacosenoic acids were identified by comparison of mass spectra and GC mobilities with those of the 2-hydroxy-15-tetracosenoic acid, and of other homogeneous FA series. These rare n-9 monounsaturated 2-hydroxy FA are unprecedented in seaweeds.     

Molecular Ion-Independent Quantification of Polar Glycerolipid Classes in Marine Plankton Using Triple Quadrupole MS

Polar glycerolipids are a diverse family of lipid molecules that form the bulk of bacterial and eukaryotic microbial membranes. The earth and ocean sciences has a long history of using fatty acids as biomarkers for microbes, but have only recently begun to examine the intact polar lipids from which they are derived. Current analytical approaches rely on laboriously quantifying the molecular ions of each of these species independently. Thus, we saw a need for a method for quantifying polar glycerolipid classes that was: (i) selective for individual classes, (ii) inclusive of all species within a class, (iii) independent of foreknowledge of the molecular ions of the polar glycerolipid, and (iv) amenable to automated, high-throughput data analysis methods. Our new HPLC-electrospray-ionization triple-quadrupole MS (HPLC-ESI-TQMS) method can be applied to quantify the nine major classes of polar glycerolipid in planktonic communities: the phospholipids phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine; the glycolipids monoglycosyldiacylglycerol, diglycosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol; and the betaine lipids diacylglyceryl trimethyl homoserine, diacylglyceryl hydroxymethyl trimethyl-β-alanine, and diacylglyceryl carboxyhydroxymethylcholine. The analyses rely on neutral loss and parent ion scan events that yield one chromatogram for each class of polar glycerolipid, simplifying downstream analysis and increasing sample throughput. The efficacy of the method was demonstrated by analyzing plankton community samples from a variety of marine environments.     

Binding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus reuteri to the carbohydrate moieties of intestinal glycolipids recognized by peanut agglutinin

We examined binding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus reuteri to the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids extracted from human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells in this study. In binding assays to reference glycolipids of different carbohydrate compositions, B. bifidum EB102 bound strongly to gangliotetraosylceramide (asialo-GM1) and less strongly to gangliotriaosylceramide (asialo-GM2), lactosylceramide and sulfatide. The binding profile of B. bifidum EB102 was almost identical to that of L. reuteri JCM1081 described previously [Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 27 (1998) 130]. When we examined binding to neutral glycolipids extracted from Caco-2 cells, the binding profiles of B. bifidum EB102 and L. reuteri JCM1081 were very similar to that shown by peanut agglutinin (PNA). Binding of both strains to periodate-treated intestinal glycolipids was completely abolished, suggesting that the bacterial cells bind to carbohydrate moieties of the glycolipids. Furthermore, B. bifidum EB102 was found to express multiple glycolipid-binding proteinaceaous components on the cell surface. These results strongly suggested involvement of cell-surface proteinaceous components of B. bifidum in binding to the carbohydrate moieties of intestinal glycolipids recognized by PNA. Binding ability of B. bifidum and L. reuteri to intestinal glycolipids may play a crucial role for colonization on the mucosal surface of the intestine.     

The Relative Proportions of Different Lipid Classes and their Fatty Acid Compositions Change with Culture Age in the Cariogenic Dental Pathogen Streptococcus mutans UA159

The oral cariogenic bacterial pathogen Streptococcus mutans strain UA159 has become an important research organism strain since its genome was sequenced. However, there is a paucity of information on its lipidome using direct analytical biochemical approaches. We here report on comprehensive analyses of the major lipid classes and their fatty acids in cells grown in batch standing cultures. Using 2-D high-performance thin-layer chromatography lipid class composition changes were detected with culture age. More lipid components were detected in the stationary-phase compared to log-phase cells. The major lipids identified included 1,3-bis(sn-3′-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol (phosphatidylglycerol), 1,3-diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin), aminoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, diglucosyldiacylglycerol, diglucosylmonoacylglycerol and, glycerophosphoryldiglucosyldiacylglycerol. Culture age also affected the fatty acid composition of the total polar lipid fraction. Thus, the major lipid classes detected in log-phase and stationary-phase cells were isolated and their fatty acids were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography to determine the basis for the fatty acid compositional changes in the total polar lipid fraction. The analyses showed that the relative proportions of these acids changed with culture age within individual lipid classes. Hence fatty acid changes in the total polar lipid fraction reflected changes in both lipid class composition and fatty acid compositions within individual lipid classes.     

Lipids and Fatty Acid Profiling of Major Indian Garcinia Fruit: A Comparative Study and its Nutritional Impact

The effects of plant oils on health are being intensively studied. Many fatty acids have attracted significant scientific attention since the studies pointed them as potential nutrients. An attempt was made to analyze the variation in three major Indian Garcinia fruits for their oils, lipid sub‐classes, fatty acids and total amino acids. Solvent extraction and chromatographic techniques were used for the isolation, purification, separation and detection of these compounds. Three major Garcinia fruits G. gummi‐gutta, G. indica and G. xanthochymus varied in their chemical composition. Oil content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in G. xanthochymus seeds (16.9 %) when compared to 11.21 % in G. gummi‐gutta seeds. Fatty acids observed were mainly capric, undecanoic, lauric, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linolelaidic acid. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were predominant in both pericarp and seeds with oleic acid being the major fraction (29.24‐58.6 %). The lipid classification of Garcinia oils showed the varying percentage of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. Oleic acid (32.91–71.54 %) was found to be the major fatty acid in neutral‐, glyco‐ and phospho‐lipids. Alanine, leucine, proline and phenylalanine were the predominant amino acids found in Garcinia fruits. The study has broadened our understanding related to the different biochemical composition of Garcinia fruits, thereby providing the groundwork that may lead to the production, utilization and application of products from Garcinia in a more efficient way.     

稻谷贮藏过程中四种甘油糖脂的变化

本文采用Morrison等人方法(略加以改进)测定经过80天人工陈化贮藏稻谷的糖脂含量,结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,其糖脂含量迅速下降,这与其脂肪酸值、还原糖含量和米汤碘蓝值的增加相一致.