Use of Cottonseed Meal for Producing Eicosapentaenoic Acid by Pythium irregulare

Cottonseed meal (CSM), a common agricultural by‐product, was used as a nutrient source for the production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by Pythium irregulare. CSM can support good cell growth performance, as can yeast extract (YE). In terms of the maximum EPA content and EPA yield, CSM is superior to YE. Low concentrations of CSM are beneficial to lipid synthesis, and high concentrations favor the EPA content. Utilizing response surface methodology (RSM) analysis, the optimum contents of glucose and CSM in the fermentation medium were determined to be 40.2 and 16.1 g/l, respectively. After 6 days of fermentation at 25 °C and optimal conditions, the EPA yield and productivity were 245.3 and 40.9 mg/l day, respectively. Particle size of CSM was found to affect the EPA production, and a finely ground CSM (100 mesh) was determined to be best for EPA production. The variation in the fatty acid content of total fatty acid (TFA) indicates that EPA was synthesized through the n‐6 route in P. irregulare and Δ12 desaturase was the key enzyme for EPA biosynthesis. Sodium carbonate was determined to be notably good at removing free gossypol attached to biomass. After fungal biomass from each flask had been harvested from Na₂CO₃‐supplemented medium, 1 % (w/v) Na₂CO₃ solution was used to wash the mycelia three times; free gossypol (FG) was not detected (detection limit 0.0018 %). This work provides a new approach using cottonseed meal to produce EPA through fungal fermentation.     

Stability of the Gossypol-Amine Adducts Used for Chromatographic Measurement of Total and Isomeric Gossypol

The stability of the gossypol amine adducts used for chromatographic determination of gossypol was studied. After extraction and complexation with R-(−)-2-amino-1-propanol, the samples were diluted into an acetonitrile/phosphate buffer solution as described in AOCS Recommended Practice Ba 8a-99. The solutions were then stored under different conditions before being analyzed by reverse-phase chromatography. Samples stored in the dark at −80 °C or at −20 °C showed little change in peak size over 30 days. Samples stored in the dark at −4 °C or at room temperature showed a measurable reduction in gossypol peak size over the study period. Samples stored in the light at room temperature showed the greatest reduction with only 25% of the initial gossypol detectable after 30 days. The rate of degradation followed first-order kinetics. The rate of decrease in gossypol peak size did not differ for the different gossypol matrices studied, i.e., cottonseed kernels, cottonseed meal, or pure gossypol-acetic acid; nor did it differ for the individual gossypol enantiomers. The results indicate that these gossypol Schiff's base adducts can be transported on dry ice before chromatography with minimal concern for their stability.     

Improvement of fuel properties of cottonseed oil methyl esters with commercial additives

The low temperature operability and oxidative stability of cottonseed oil methyl esters (CSME) were improved with four anti‐gel additives as well as one antioxidant additive, gossypol. Low temperature operability and oxidative stability of CSME was determined by cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and oxidative stability index (OSI). The most significant reductions in CP, PP, and CFPP in all cases were obtained with Technol®, with the average reduction in temperature found to be 3.9 °C. Gunk®, Heet®, and Howe's® were progressively less effective, as indicated by average reductions in temperature of 3.4, 3.0, and 2.8 °C, respectively. In all cases, the magnitude of CFPP reduction was greater than for PP and especially CP. Addition of gossypol, a polyphenolic aldehyde, resulted in linear improvement in OSI (R² = 0.9804). The OSI of CSME increased from 5.0 to 8.3 h with gossypol at a concentration of 1000 ppm.     

棉籽粕脱酚方法的研究

采用热水,热碱,硫酸亚铁,米曲霉四种方法,对棉籽粕进行脱酚实验,结果热 法去酚效果最佳。通过正交试验,热碱法脱酚的最适条件为ｐＨ８－９,温度６０℃,时间３ｈ,最终棉籽蛋白液棉酚含量为１２ｐｐｍ,完全低于联合国咨询委员会规定的食用棉籽蛋白质中游离棉酚含量≤０．０６％标准。     

PIXE法分析棉酚对大鼠血清中微量元素的影响

PIXE(质子激发X射线发射)分析法适合分析生物医学样品中的微量元素。分析血清不仅取样方便和制靶容易,而且能观察某些疾病与血中微量元素异常的关系。 棉酚是我国发现的男性避孕药,具有肯定的抗生育作用。但也发现个别用药者出现肌无力等症。我们考虑到棉酚的副作用可能与它对人体内某些元素的影响有关。本实验用PIXE法分析大鼠血清中的微量元素,观察了醋酸棉酚对这些元素的影响。     

棉籽蛋白粉的生物脱毒研究

以选育的ＦＢ－２－８菌株［１］,在５４℃±１℃按１０％接种量,将棉籽蛋白粉进行固态厌氧发酵４８ｈ。结果：棉籽蛋白粉中总棉酚被脱毒８０％～９０％,游离棉酚含量＜０．０１％,粗蛋白含量无明显变化,蛋白质中各氨基酸的比例未变。     

牛磺酸棉酚的抗生育作用

为达到并保持棉酚抗生育性能 ,降低棉酚毒副作用 ,合成了牛磺酸棉酚。经动物试验发现 ,牛磺酸棉酚仍然保持了棉酚抗生育活性 ,而且作用部位及效果与棉酚基本一致 ,其毒性远远低于棉酚。     

无毒聚丙烯酰胺快速提炼毛棉籽油(英文)

The traditional method to refine crude cottonseed oil is time-consuming and expensive. This study evaluates the effectiveness of coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation process using quaternary polyamine-based polymers in refining crude cottonseed oil. Flocculated by four commercial polyamine-based cationic polymers (SL2700, SL3000, SL4500 and SL5000) with varied molecular weight (MW) and charge density (CD) and followed by co-agulation with sodium hydroxide, crude cottonseed oil can be effectively purified. Free fatty acids, gossypol, pig-ments and trace elements are all effectively and sufficiently removed by the four polymers in a MW-and CD-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the use of polyamine-based cationic polymers may offer an effective and feasible alternative to the traditional method for crude cottonseed oil refining.     

气-液交换法制备氚标记棉酚

前言 棉酚(8,8′-二醛基-1,1′,6,6′,7,7′-六羟基-5,5′-二异丙基-3,3′-二甲基-2,2′-二萘)是从棉籽油中提取的一种有毒物质。它对男性的抗生育作用,首先受到我国科学工作者的重     

Effect of Processing Parameters on Gossypol Levels in Protein Isolates from Cottonseed by Alkali Extraction/Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration

Abstract

Three different varieties of cottonseed (S1, S2, and S3) were dehulled, separated, and defatted by hexane extraction under controlled conditions (moisture < 3%, temperature < 50°C). The defatted flours, designated as CS1 and CS2 (glandless) and CS3 (glanded), which had free-gossypol levels of 0.15, 0.28, and 0.68%, respectively, and protein levels of 61.4, 61.7, and 58.5%, respectively, were taken for aqueous extraction using NaOH as the alkali in the presence of Na₂S₂O₄, a reducing agent. The extract, after centrifugation, was immediately taken for ultrafiltration (UF) using polysulfone membranes, followed by diafiltration (DF). Experiments at 40 and 60°C, to examine the UF performance and gossypol binding effect, were carried out with strict control of the feed pH. The intensely yellow-colored permetes, probably due to alkali-soluble sodium gossypolate and gossypol-like pigments, were checked for color intensity as a qualitative measure in ultrafiltration concentrate. The intensity was found to be on the decline, less during UF and more during diafiltration. The final UF/DF dried products were analyzed for free gossypol (FG), bound gossypol (BG), total gossypol (TG), and protein. Protein isolates (PI) from Samples CS1 and CS2 were found to have very low FG, with little effect of the processing conditions on binding of gossypol with the protein. PI from Sample CS3 was found to have slightly high FG with relatively high BG. The effect of temperature was found to result in high permeation rates without much effect on the rejection of the components and the binding of gossypol. The gossypol and protein contents of three UF/DF dried proteins were 0.006, 0.012, and 0.041% FG, and 89.4, 90.1, and 86.4% protein. The colors of PI from Samples CS1 and CS2 were lighter while PI from Sample CS3 was relatively darker.