Air Quality Monitoring Network Design to Control Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone,Applied in Granada,Spain

This paper describes a method to design air quality monitoring networks for nitrogen dioxide and ozone and its application in Granada, a city located in Andalusia, southern Spain. The city has a population of 236,988 inhabitants, and traffic is its main source of air pollution. Sampling campaigns with passive diffusion samplers at 88 sites were carried out to obtain information on the pollution distribution in Granada. The average concentrations found for NO₂ and O₃ were 36.5 μg/m³ and 51.6 μg/m³, respectively. Maximum values of up to 57.1 μg/m³ NO₂ were found in Granada city center and O₃ reached 77.2 μg/m³ downwind from the emission source. After spatial interpolation of the obtained values with Geographical Information Systems, a selection of the best locations for the monitoring stations was made, in line with the macro- and microscale siting requirements of the European Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Another sampling campaign with diffusive samplers was carried out in 2007 to determine if the locations of the air quality assessment stations were still representative for their zone. A correction was made in the control network following results of this verification campaign.     

解读西班牙格兰纳达霍塞·盖雷罗艺术中心

文章通过对格兰纳达霍塞·盖雷罗艺术中心处理在格兰纳达大教堂对面建造时采取的策略的解读,试图提供一种在采用现代形式的同时深入,正确理解历史案例和景观关联的思考方式。     

Q-PLOS,developing an alternative walking index. A method based on urban design quality

The Level of Service (LOS) is a measure to evaluate the degree of accommodation of different transport modes in a given infrastructure (road, railway, street, etc.). While the last decades have seen a growing interest regarding the use of level of service for managing and planning private and public transport infrastructures, shortcomings appear when it is used in the context of pedestrian mobility (i.e. the complexity of pedestrian mobility in terms of behaviour and the consideration of urban design factors associated with pedestrianisation). This paper aims to gain insight into the abovementioned issues by developing an alternative walking index, the Quality of Pedestrian Level of Service (Q-PLOS) method. This novel method is based on the quality of urban design for pedestrian and its relationship with walking needs. The city of Granada (Spain) provided the empirical focus. The paper found that the Q-PLOS was a more accurate measurement of pedestrian mobility characteristics. This was based on the relevance of specific factors linked to urban design together with public preferences about them. Finally, the obtained high-detailed outputs provide a platform to increment the effectiveness of level of service specifically for pedestrians that want to access to a public transport stop.     

The residual shear strength of Neogene marly soils in the Granada and Guadix basins, southeastern Spain

The analysis of samples taken from the Neogene and Cretaceous marly series of the Granada and Guadix basins (south east Spain) shows an inverse correlation between the clay content and the residual friction angle. It has been verified that the carbonate fraction of the soil has a significant influence on the residual friction angle; there is a threshold of 25% carbonates, above which the value of φ′_r increases from 20 to 30°. It has been proved that the presence of smectitic clay as the dominant constituent produces a low value of residual shear strength, associated with high fragility in unconsolidated undrained tests. It has been proved that the degree of compaction of the soil and therefore the initial porosity, has a direct influence on the effective residual friction angle (φ′_r). Received: 2 February 1999 · Accepted: 31 March 1999