液态CO2辅助喷涂发泡聚氨酯硬泡的研究

采用三组分聚氨酯硬泡喷涂高压发泡机,以HCFO-1233zd(E)或HFO-1336mzz(Z)为主体发泡剂,将液态CO2作为第三组分添加,制备了喷涂聚氨酯硬泡。对比了不同含量CO2喷涂发泡制得的聚氨酯泡沫制品的性能。结果表明,添加液态CO2会使泡沫的乳白时间缩短,凝胶时间和固化时间延迟;添加适量液态CO2可以提高泡沫制品的压缩强度,能降低泡沫的闭孔率;添加少量液态CO2会使泡沫的泡孔分布更加均匀,泡沫更加细腻,可以提高HFO类发泡体系泡沫的综合性能,尤其能提高泡沫超低温环境下的绝热性能。     

Nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients of HFO1234yf on various enhanced surfaces

In this study, nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of HFO1234yf HFC134a are measured on a flat plain, Turbo-B, Turbo-C, and Thermoexcel-E surfaces. All data are taken at the liquid pool temperature of 7 °C on small flat horizontal square copper plates (9.53 mm × 9.53 mm) at heat fluxes from 10 kW m⁻² to 200 kW m⁻² with an interval of 10 kW m⁻². Test results show that nucleate boiling HTCs of HFO1234yf on all four surfaces are similar to those of HFC134a at all heat fluxes tested in this study. At heat fluxes below 150 kW m⁻², Thermoexcel-E surface shows the highest heat transfer performance and hence is the best surface for the manufacture of the evaporators in refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. On the other hand, at high heat fluxes above 150 kW m⁻², Turbo-B and Turbo-C show better heat transfer performance than Thermoexcel-E and hence are good for electronic cooling applications. Overall, HFO1234yf is a good long term candidate with excellent environmental properties to replace successfully HFC134a from the view point of pool boiling heat transfer. Hence HFO1234yf can be readily applied to the conventional evaporators designed for HFC134a.     

Analysis based on EU Regulation No 517/2014 of new HFC/HFO mixtures as alternatives of high GWP refrigerants in refrigeration and HVAC systems

The EU Regulation No 517/2014 is going to phase-out most of the refrigerants commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems (R134a, R404A and R410A) because of their extended use and their high GWP values. There are very different options to replace them; however, no refrigerant has yet imposed. In this paper we review and analyze the different mixtures proposed by the AHRI as alternative refrigerants to those employed currently. These mixtures are composed by HFC refrigerants: R32, R125, R152a and R134a; and HFO refrigerants: R1234yf and R1234ze(E). It is concluded, from the theoretical analysis, that most of the new HFO/HFC mixtures perform under the HFC analyzed (although some experimental studies show the contrary) and, in most cases, do not meet the GWP restrictions approved by the European normative. Furthermore, some of the mixtures proposed would have problems due to their flammability.     

Thermal stability and decomposition mechanism of HFO‐1336mzz(Z) as an environmental friendly working fluid: Experimental and theoretical study

HFO‐1336mzz(Z) is a promising working fluid used in high‐temperature heat pump and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system because of its environmental friendly features and good thermal performance. In this work, a test system is designed to assess the thermal stability of HFO‐1336mzz(Z). The fluoride ion concentration is used as an indicator of HFO‐1336mzz(Z) dissociation. The experimental results show that the pressure has a great effect on the dissociation of HFO‐1336mzz(Z) and the dissociation temperatures of HFO‐1336mzz(Z) at 2.1, 3.1, and 4.0 MPa for 24 hours are 310°C to 330°C, 290°C to 310°C, and 270°C to 290°C, respectively. The decomposition products of HFO‐1336mzz(Z) are measured by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR); the main decomposition products are HF, CF₄, CHF₃, C2F₄, C₂F₆, C₂HF₅, and C₃F₈. Finally, density functional theory (DFT) method is used to study the decomposition mechanism of HFO‐1336mzz(Z). The main initial decomposition reaction is the fracture of C?C bond into C–C bond, and then the CF₃ group is separated from HFO‐1336mzz(Z) molecule to produce CF₃ radical. H, F‐abstraction, and combination reactions are important in the consequent reactions to generate the main decomposition products.     

Nitrite reduction with hydrous ferric oxide and Fe(II): Stoichiometry, rate, and mechanism

Fe(II)/Fe(III) oxide is an important redox couple in environmental systems. Recent studies have revealed unique characteristics of Fe(II)/Fe(III) oxide and reactions with oxidizing or reducing agents. Nitrite was used as an oxidizing agent in this study in order to probe details of these reactions and hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) was used as the Fe(III) oxide phase. Abiotic nitrite reduction is a significant global producer of nitric oxide (a catalyst for production of tropospheric ozone) and nitrous oxide (a greenhouse gas and contributor to stratospheric ozone depletion). All experiments were conducted at pH 6.8 using a strictly anoxic environment with mass-balance measurements for Fe(II). Oxidation of Fe(II) was negligible in the absence of HFO. The reaction was fast in the presence of HFO and was described by d[Fe(II)]/dt = −k_overall [Fe(II)_diss] [Fe(II)_solid-bound] [NO₂⁻] (k_overall = 2.59 × 10⁻⁷ μM⁻² min⁻¹) for Fe(II)/Fe(III) molar ratios less than 0.30. The reaction was inhibited for higher Fe(II)/HFO ratios. The concentration of solid-bound Fe(II) was constant after an initial equilibration period and the reaction stopped when dissolved Fe(II) was depleted even though substantial solid-bound Fe(II) and nitrite remained. The results regarding rate-dependence and conservation of solid-bound Fe(II) and inhibition of reaction at high Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios were similar to our earlier results for the Fe(II)/HFO/O₂ system [Park, B., Dempsey, B.A., 2005. Heterogeneous oxidation of Fe(II) on ferric oxide at neutral pH and a low partial pressure of O₂. Environmental Science and Technology 39(17), 6494-6500.].     

Estimation of equilibrium surface precipitation constants for trivalent metal sorption onto hydrous ferric oxide and calcite

Equilibrium constants for modeling surface precipitation of trivalent metal cations (M³⁺) onto hydrous ferric oxide and calcite were estimated from linear correlations of standard state Gibbs free energies of formation, () of the surface precipitates. The surface precipitation reactions were derived from Farley et. al. [K.J. Farley, D.A. Dzombak, F.M.M. Morel, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 106 (1985) 226] surface precipitation model, which are based on surface complexation model coupled with solid solution representation for surface precipitation on the solid surface. The values were correlated through the following linear free energy relations and where ‘ss’ stands for the end-member solid component of surface precipitate, is in kJ/mol, r_M³⁺ is the Shannon-Prewitt radius of M³⁺ in a given coordination state (nm), and is the non-solvation contribution to the Gibbs free energy of formation of the aqueous M³⁺ ion. Results indicate that the above surface precipitation correlations are useful tools where experimental data are not available.     

三相不平衡高频振荡的相量测量方法

实时测量高频振荡相量可为高频振荡自适应抑制环节提供信息支撑.然而,高频振荡频率处正负序都可能存在不稳定模式,从而导致振荡信号三相不平衡特征明显,影响高频振荡相量测量准确度.因此,提出一种基于sinc插值函数的高频振荡相量测量方法.首先,对系统三相信号进行Clark变换;然后,基于sinc插值函数对负序振荡分量进行建模,进一步求解得到高频振荡相量和频率;最后,通过采用数值仿真信号、PSCAD仿真数据和实测数据进行测试发现,所提方法比传统方法具有更好的负序分量干扰抑制能力,准确度更高.     

一种在汽车空调系统中使用的新制冷剂—HFO-1234yf

本文综述了HFO-1234yf制冷剂的热力性能、燃烧性、毒性和使用性能,分析了它在汽车空调系统中使用的评价。