Liquid penetration length of heptamethylnonane and trimethylpentane under unsteady in-cylinder conditions

While strategies employing early or late direct-injection of fuel can improve emissions, they also can lead to impingement of liquid-phase fuel on the piston and/or cylinder wall due to low in-cylinder temperatures and densities during the injection event. Previous work has shown that liquid-phase fuel films formed in this way can lead to pronounced degradations in efficiency and emissions. To avoid these problems, a quantitative understanding of fuel-property effects on the liquid penetration length is needed, and this understanding must include conditions where in-cylinder thermodynamic conditions and the injection rate vary with time. This work reports liquid penetration lengths measured in an optical engine under such time-varying conditions. Diagnostics included laser light scattering for measurement of the liquid length and conventional pressure-data acquisition for heat-release analysis. Unsteady liquid penetration was characterized for different injection timings, injection pressures, intake-manifold pressures, and fuel volatilities to gain an understanding of the relative importance of these factors. Fuel volatility was studied by using two fuels, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (HMN) and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP), which have very different volatility characteristics. Measured liquid lengths changed as in-cylinder conditions changed, with increasing temperature and density during the compression stroke causing a decrease in liquid length, and decreasing temperature and density during the expansion stroke causing an increase in liquid length. Intake-manifold pressure and fuel volatility were found to be primary factors governing liquid length. Heat loss from the charge gas to the engine and local charge cooling due to fuel vaporization were found to have a secondary influence on liquid length. Injection pressure was found to have little effect.     

百草枯催吐剂三氮唑嘧啶酮的合成

甲基丙烯酸甲酯经溴化加成、醚化、催化裂化得3-甲氧基-2-甲基丙烯酸甲酯;单氰胺与二硫化碳在碱性条件下缩合、甲基化得氰亚胺基二硫代碳酸二甲酯,后与正丙胺缩合再与水合肼环合得氨基正丙胺基三氮唑,与苯甲醛醛缩合得醛缩物,再在缚酸剂下与3-甲氧基-2-甲基丙烯酸甲酯催化闭环后在盐酸中水解、去醛基得目标物。选择cat1#/2#为裂解和闭环催化剂,反应总收率达55.4%,产品纯度99.5%。     

Optimal design of catalytic distillation columns: A case study on synthesis of TAEE

The design of catalytic distillation (CD) columns is a challenging task because of the superposition of chemical reaction and distillation in one apparatus. In this work, a method to design a cost-optimal CD column for chemical systems with large number of components and chemical reactions is presented. The method is based on the following steps: (1) estimation of the number of theoretical stages and catalyst volume by the decomposition of the CD column into a sequence of chemical reactors and non-reactive distillation columns, (2) estimation of the column diameter and operating conditions using an equilibrium stage model, and (3) design of the column applying an optimisation algorithm and using a rigorous non-equilibrium stage model to represent the CD process. The method is applied to determine the optimal column configuration and operating conditions for the synthesis of tert-amyl ethyl ether from ethanol and isoamylenes. Eight components and four chemical reactions were selected to represent the chemical system in the simulations.     

Diffusion in Nanoporous Solids in the Focus of IUPAC – A Tribute to Jens Weitkamp

In bidding farewell to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jens Weitkamp, we remember his many activities and his beneficial influence on the development of science, notably in the various fields of chemical technology and engineering. These activities include his engagement in support of the development of techniques dedicated to improvement of our understanding of the complex phenomenon of mass transfer in nanoporous materials, as both an ingenious scientist and a brilliant organizer and gifted leader of scientific alliances. The present contribution provides a brief introduction to the many facets of research in this field, with particular recognition of the most recent developments and Prof. Weitkamp's contributions.     

基于Gibbs采样与遗传算法的模体识别

借鉴Gibbs采样思想,将序列峰值所对应的候选模体作为遗传算法的初始种群,提出一种改进的模体识别算法。将模体在序列中的出现次数作为变量加入到适应度函数中,使其更符合生物数据的特性。在算法变异操作中加入IUPAC简并码保持种群的多样性。对DBTSS数据库中的真实数据进行测试,结果表明该算法具有较高的识别精度和较快的搜索速度。     

第11届IUPAC国际农药化学会议概况

概述了第11届IUPAC国际农药化学会议中公开的31个新农药品种和35个具有生物活性的新化合物。[编者按]     

PAH and IUPAC Nomenclature

The nomenclature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their derivatives has undergone substantial changes since the beginning of the 20th century. The International Union of Applied and Pure Chemistry (IUPAC) has issued rules and recommendations on chemical nomenclature including organic compounds like PAH since 1957. This article presents an overview of the latest version of IUPAC nomenclature for PAH and their derivatives, detailing current changes. In addition, an overview of older nomenclature systems and commonly used, PAH specific terms aiding nomenclature is given.