Apple Allergy: The cDNA Sequence of the Major Allergen of Apple,Determined by Performing PCR with a Primer Based on the N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequence,is Highly Homologous to the Sequence of the Major Birch Pollen Allergen

Considering the known N-terminal amino acid sequence of the major apple allergen, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer was selected to amplify cDNA encoding this protein. A single PCR product was obtained, cloned into Escherichia coli and subsequently sequenced. The missing 5′-end of the apple cDNA sequence was obtained by a 5′-RACE method. The cDNA sequence showed 72% identity with the coding region of one of the known isoforms of Bet v 1, the major allergen of birch pollen. The deduced amino acid sequence resulted in a 158-residue protein with a calculated molecular mass of 17·5 kDa and 63% amino acid sequence identity to Bet v 1. In addition, further protein alignments showed a high degree of identity with allergens from other tree pollens and some ‘pathogenesis-related proteins’ from food plants. According to international regulations the allergen was termed Mal d 1 for this protein, it being the first major allergen discovered and characterised in fruits of apple (Malus domestica).     

Allergenicity of different apple cultivars assessed by means of skin prick test and sensitisation to recombinant allergens Mal d 1 and Mal d 3 in a group of Italian apple‐allergic patients

To evaluate differences in skin prick test response to apple cultivars in patients with apple allergy, 19 patients (10 adults and 9 children) underwent prick‐to‐prick skin prick test with eleven commercial and noncommercial apple cultivars, and evaluation of specific IgE to apple and recombinant apple allergens Mal d 1 and Mal d 3. The results show that different reactions might be evoked in a single patient by different apple cultivars and also separately for the peel and the pulp of a single cultivar. The cultivars were ranked according to their allergenicity level, being Jonathan, Jonagold, Golden Delicious and Fiesta the most allergenic when considering the pulp and Gala, Fiesta and Golden Delicious for the peel. Further investigations are needed to clarify if a single patient can be allergic only to well‐defined apple cultivars and which allergometric tests are necessary to ascertain this.     

Molecular and Immunological Identification of Low Allergenic Fruits among Old and New Apple Varieties

About 50–70% of patients allergic to birch pollen suffer from sensitization after apple ingestion. Apple allergenicity was established in only few varieties. Studies were performed on apple fruits of 21 traditional and nine modern varieties organically, intensively, or integratively produced. The aim of the study was to assess whether the factors like cultivation method, maturity stage, genotype, or type of tissue place an impact on the allergenic potential of apples. To answer these questions, we used semiquantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Apple allergen genes present divergent expression across apple cultivars. Expression of the Mal d 1.06A correlates with the Mal d 1 level and is affected by the cultivation method and maturity of the fruit. The content of the main allergen Mal d 1 varied widely across cultivars. Interestingly, in our study, the Gala variety presented a low Mal d 1 concentration regardless of the cultivation method. Based on the Mal d 1.06A expression, the Mal d 1 protein content, and the immunoreactivity assay, the Kandil Sinap, Kosztela, Rumianka from Alma-Ata, Kantówka Gdańska, Reinette Coulon, and Gala cultivars emerged as potentially hypoallergenic apple cultivars. Our study allowed distinguishing between potentially low, medium, and highly allergenic varieties.     

Attachment of MAL32-encoded maltase on the outside of yeast cells improves maltotriose utilization

The fermentation of maltotriose, the second most abundant fermentable sugar in wort, is often incomplete during high-gravity brewing. Poor maltotriose consumption is due to environmental stress conditions during high-gravity fermentation and especially to a low uptake of this sugar by some industrial strains. In this study we investigated whether the use of strains with an alpha-glucosidase attached to the outside of the cell might be a possible way to reduce residual maltotriose. To this end, the N-terminal leader sequence of Kre1 and the carboxy-terminal anchoring domain of either Cwp2 or Flo1 were used to target maltase encoded by MAL32 to the cell surface. We showed that Mal32 displayed on the cell surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strains was capable of hydrolysis of alpha-1,4-linkages, and that it increased the ability of a strain lacking a functional maltose permease to grow on maltotriose. Moreover, the enzyme was also expressed and found to be active in an industrial strain. These data show that expressing a suitable maltase on the cell surface might provide a means of modifying yeast for more complete maltotriose utilization in brewing and other fermentation applications.     

某些半环的结构

介绍了A（M）-完全正则半环,并利用（2,2）型代数的坚固构架的概念,给出了A（M）-完全正则半环的次直积分解与其加法（乘法）半群的次直积分解之间的密切联系。特别地,推广了以往文献的一些结果。     

幂等元半环簇的子簇（R°D）∩ID

研究了幂等元半环簇的一个重要子簇（R·D）∩ID.利用幂等元半环的加法半群和乘法半群上的格林关系与次直积分解方法对（R·D）∩ID进行了刻画.得出了（R·D）∩ID中成员的性质,并且讨论了（R·D）∩ID中成员的结构,证明了（R·D）∩ID=（（Rz·D）∩ID）∨（（Rz·D）∩ID）.     

立足于“文化自信”的南京万达茂产品解析

文化自信是更基础、更广泛、更深厚的自信。南京万达茂的设计就是立足于"文化自信"基础上的一次产品创新设计。对万达而言,文化自信既是一种企业责任,也是历史赋予的时代责任。文章论述了南京万达茂是如何围绕文化自信、文化挖掘、文化植入、业态融合、时代精神等几个方面展开设计的。从民族文化自信的重塑中探寻与世界融合的发展模式,万达意欲创建一个具有世界影响力的中国文化品牌。     

段塞流从单管流入并联分离器的分流实验研究

为了研究油气集输系统中并联分离器出现的气液偏流现象,自主设计并搭建了气液两相流分流实验系统。该实验系统中采用数据采集系统对流量、压力、压降、液位、持液率等多种实验参数进行记录。设计了两种结构的气液分流管路,并在两种管路结构（水平管⁃T型管⁃水平管结构与水平管⁃T型管⁃立管⁃水平管结构）下进行了段塞流分流实验,分别研究了对称管路条件与非对称管路条件下的气液分流特性。实验结果表明,两种管路结构下,当管路条件对称时,在实验流速范围内,段塞流的气液两相等流量分配到两台并联分离器内;对于实验中的两种管路结构,分离器气相出口管路条件的不对称会引起气、液两相的偏流,且液相的偏流程度均小于气相。基于压降计算建立了非对称条件下气液两相流的分流模型,对气液流速对分流特性的影响进行了简单解释。