Neural network based controller for Cr–Fe batch reduction process

An automated pilot plant has been designed and commissioned to carry out online/real-time data acquisition and control for the Cr⁶⁺–Fe²⁺ reduction process. Simulated data from the Cr⁶⁺–Fe²⁺ model derived are validated with online data and laboratory analysis using ICP-AES analysis method. The distinctive trend or patterns exhibited in the ORP profiles for the non-equilibrium model derived have been utilized to train neural network-based controllers for the process. The implementation of this process control is to ensure sufficient Fe²⁺ solution is dosed into the wastewater sample in order to reduce all Cr⁶⁺–Cr³⁺. The neural network controller has been utilized to compare the capability of set-point tracking with a PID controller in this process. For this process neural network-based controller dosed in less Fe²⁺ solution compared to the PID controller which hence reduces wastage of chemicals. Industrial Cr⁶⁺ wastewater samples obtained from an electro-plating factory has also been tested on the pilot plant using the neural network-based controller to determine its effectiveness to control the reduction process for a real plant. The results indicate the proposed controller is capable of fully reducing the Cr⁶⁺–Cr³⁺ in the batch treatment process with minimal dosage of Fe²⁺.     

ORP调控对葡萄糖和果糖混合底物丁醇发酵的影响

采用氧化还原电位(oxidoreduction potential,ORP)调控以模拟菊芋块茎酸解液(葡萄糖和果糖混合糖)为底物进行的丙酮丁醇发酵过程,能够有效控制"酸崩溃"现象的发生。已通过实验确定最佳调控策略为控制整个发酵过程的ORP不低于-460mV。本研究在最佳调控策略下,发酵终点丁醇浓度从3.39g/L提高到11.65g/L,残糖浓度从30.82g/L降低到1.38g/L。对比ORP调控组和对照组发现,ORP调控能够改变发酵过程中细胞内还原力水平,能量状态和代谢流向,因此ORP调控能有效防止"酸崩溃"现象发生,调节菌体生长和溶剂产量。ORP调控策略应用于以葡萄糖和果糖混合糖为底物的丁醇发酵具有操作可行性,是一种简便而有效的工艺优化手段。     

Simultaneous biohydrogen (H2) and bioplastic (poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-PHB) productions under dark,photo, and subsequent dark and photo fermentation utilizing various wastes

The present study is focused on bio hydrogen (H₂) and bioplastic (i.e., poly-β-hydroxybutyrate; PHB) productions utilizing various wastes under dark fermentation, photo fermentation and subsequent dark-photo fermentation. Potential bio H₂ and PHB producing microbes were enriched and isolated. The effects of substrate (rice husk hydrolysate, rice straw hydrolysate, dairy industry wastewater, and rice mill wastewater) concentration (10–100%) and pH (5.5–8.0) were examined in the batch mode under the dark and photo fermentation conditions. Using 100% rice straw hydrolysate at pH 7, the maximum bio H₂ (1.53 ± 0.04 mol H₂/mol glucose) and PHB (9.8 ± 0.14 g/L) were produced under dark fermentation condition by Bacillus cereus. In the subsequent dark-photo fermentation, the highest amounts of bio H₂ and PHB were recorded utilizing 100% rice straw hydrolysate (1.82 ± 0.01 mol H₂/mol glucose and 19.15 ± 0.25 g/L PHB) at a pH of 7.0 using Bacillus cereus (KR809374) and Rhodopseudomonas rutila. The subsequent dark-photo fermentative bio H₂ and PHB productions obtained using renewable biomass (i.e., rice husk hydrolysate and rice straw hydrolysate) can be considered with respect to the sustainable management of global energy sources and environmental issues.     

聚氨酯填料型曝气生物滤池(BAF)同步硝化反硝化

采用前置反硝化曝气生物滤池和聚氨酯填料进行高质量浓度生活污水的试验,控制进水在水力负荷0.64m3/(m2.h)、回流比1∶1的条件下,研究了不同气水比下的处理效果.结果表明,该装置处理效果好且稳定,当好氧段的气水比为20∶1时,去除效果最佳,具有明显的同步硝化反硝化特征,脱氮效果明显,去除率82.96%,出水质量浓度在10 mg/L以下.对好氧段沿层取样,结果表明总氮的去除主要发生在反应器底部0～0.6 m,表明此期间也就是溶解氧在1.5～2 mg/L下同步硝化反硝化作用明显,总氮去除率保持在80%以上.通过同时监测沿层氧化还原电位(oxidation-reduction potential,ORP)的变化,确定出ORP在同步硝化反硝化过程可给出控制信号且反应灵敏稳定.可根据ORP的变化情况,优化调节曝气量,以达到高效节能的效果.     

Enhancement of Escherichia coli bacterial biomass and hydrogen production by some heavy metal ions and their mixtures during glycerol vs glucose fermentation at a relatively wide range of pH

Escherichia coli growth and H₂ production were followed in the presence of heavy metal ions and their mixtures during glycerol or glucose fermentation at pH 5.5–7.5. Ni²⁺ (50 μM) with Fe²⁺ (50 μM) but not sole metals stimulated bacterial biomass during glycerol fermentation at pH 6.5. Ni²⁺+Fe³⁺ (50 μM), Ni² +Fe³⁺+Mo⁶⁺ (20 μM) and Fe³⁺+Mo⁶⁺ (20 μM) but not sole metals enhanced up to 3-fold H₂ yield but Cu⁺ or Cu²⁺ (100 μM) inhibited it. At pH 7.5 stimulating effect on biomass was observed by Ni²⁺+Fe²⁺+Mo⁶⁺. H₂ production was enhanced 2.7 fold particularly by Ni²⁺+Fe³⁺+Mo⁶⁺ at the late stationary growth phase. Whereas at pH 5.5 increased biomass was when Fe²⁺+Mo⁶⁺ or Mo⁶⁺ were added. H₂ yield was decreased compared with that at pH 6.5, but metal ions again enhanced it. During glucose fermentation at pH 6.5 biomass was increased by the mixtures of metal ions, and 1.2 fold increased H₂ yield was observed. At pH 7.5 Ni²⁺+Fe²⁺ increased biomass but Cu⁺ or Cu²⁺ had suppressing effect; Fe³⁺+Mo⁶⁺ stimulated H₂ production. At pH 5.5 biomass also was raised by Ni²⁺+Fe²⁺+Mo⁶⁺; H₂ yield was increased upon Mo⁶⁺ and Mo⁶⁺+Fe²⁺ or Mo⁶⁺+Fe³⁺ additions. The results point out the importance of Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Mo⁶⁺ and some of their combinations for E. coli bacterial growth and H₂ production mostly during glycerol but not glucose fermentation and at acidic conditions (pH 5.5 and 6.5). They can be used for optimizing fermentation processes on glycerol, controlling bacterial biomass and developing H₂ production biotechnology.     

臭氧水溶液的ORP、pH与灭大肠菌的研究

检测了通臭氧于除氯水中过程的ORP、pH以及臭氧灭大肠茵率.实验结果表明:臭氧水溶液ORP大于500mV时在短时间内具有灭绝大肠茵能力;可以通过控制饮用水的ORP达到控制臭氧浓度,从而达到对水的消毒目的.     

生物冶金ORP与关键工艺参数关联规则的挖掘

针对生物冶金提金率难以提高这一难题,通过深入分析生物冶金工艺,依据工艺现场实测数据库、新型数据分析方法和数据挖掘方法,得到氧化还原电位(ORP)与工艺过程可控因素间的可描述数学关系,为可控工艺参数的优化控制提供指导依据,进而提高生物冶金提金率。     

SBR法短程硝化及过程控制研究

考察了采用SBR法处理氨氮浓度较高的化工废水时供氧方式对硝化过程中DO、ORP和pH值变化规律的影响。试验结果表明，在曝气量恒定的条件下，可以硝化过程中DO和pH值升高速率的不同表征反应的进程程序，即当氨氮浓度接近零时，DO和pH值升高速率或变化幅度加大，二者可以作为SBR硝化反应时间的控制参数，而ORP值对SBR硝化反应结束的批示作用不是很明显；在DO量恒定的情况下，pH值在整个硝化反应过程中都是缓慢下降或趋于稳定的，当硝化反应结束时突然升高，因此pH值也可作为SBR硝化反应时间较好的控制参数，而ORP值在硝化反应的初期快速升高，之后升高的速度越来越慢直至趋于平稳，它对SBR硝化反应结束的指标作用同样不是很明显。     

Modeling,Optimization, and Control of Solution Purification Process in Zinc Hydrometallurgy

The solution purification process is an essential step in zinc hydrometallurgy. The performance of solution purification directly affects the normal functioning and economical benefits of zinc hydrometallurgy. This paper summarizes the authors' recent work on the modeling, optimization, and control of solution purification process. The online measurable property of the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and the multiple reactors, multiple running statuses characteristic of the solution purification process are extensively utilized in this research. The absence of reliable online equipment for detecting the impurity ion concentration is circumvented by introducing the oxidation-reduction potential into the kinetic model. A steady-state multiple reactors gradient optimization, unsteady-state operational-pattern adjustment strategy, and a process evaluation strategy based on the oxidation-reduction potential are proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed research is demonstrated by its industrial experiment.      

曝气量对自热式高温好氧消化(ATAD)中试工艺运行的影响

设计了由两个圆罐串联的自热式高温好氧消化中试系统,处理城市污水污泥.采用批式试验,测试氧化还原电位（ORP）,探讨曝气量对污泥稳定化处理效果的影响.试验发现,曝气量不能过高或过低,过高起到散热作用,使反应器自升温的温度下降,过低则影响微生物的活性,反应器的温度也低,两种情况都会造成挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）去除率降低.对于VSS浓度为46.6g/L的污泥,曝气量取0.6～1.0m^3/h较好,VSS的去除率可达到39.2%,趋于稳定化.通过测试ORP发现微氧环境有利于VSS的降解,提高VSS的去除率.在消化过程中反应器内ORP最低为-360mV,反应器中不仅有好氧菌,还存在厌氧菌和兼性菌。