Experimental and analytical study on the spray characteristics of dimethyl ether (DME) and diesel fuels within a common-rail injection system in a diesel engine

This paper investigates the effect of injection parameters on the characteristics of dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel in a diesel engine with experimental and analytical models based on empirical equations. In order to study macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of DME fuel, this work focuses on the atomization characteristics of DME and compares experimental and predicted results for spray development obtained by empirical models for diesel and DME fuel. Detailed comparisons of spray tip penetration from three different empirical correlations and from visualization experiments of diesel and DME fuels were conducted under various fuel injection conditions. In comparison with the results of different empirical equations for measured spray tip penetration, the experimental results of this study provide good agreement with the calculation results based on empirical equations, except during the earliest stage of the injected spray sequence. The results of atomization characteristics indicate that DME showed better spray characteristics than conventional diesel fuel. Also, the fuel injection delay and maximum injection rate of DME fuel are shorter and lower than those of diesel fuel at the same injection conditions, respectively.     

A novel self-assembly approach to form tubular poly(diphenylamine) inside the mesoporous silica

MCM-41 materials were synthesized using alkyl(decosane, dodecyl)trimethyl ammonium bromide as structure directing surfactants. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and nitrogen adsorption measurements reveal that the pores are hexagonal with tunable textural properties through the choice of surfactant and experimental condition. Poly(diphenylamine), PDPA was entrapped into the pores of MCM-41 by initial sorption of diphenylamine (DPA, monomer) in a medium (napthalein sulfonic acid) that provides self-assembling of DPA inside the pores and subsequent oxidative of polymerization with peroxydisulphate. Clear presence of an additional peak (around 9-10°) in XRD pattern for the DPA loaded MCM-41 provides evidence for self-assembled structure. Upon polymerization the self-assembly of DPA molecules resulted tubular PDPA inside the pores of MCM-41. PDPA thus formed shows different electronic property than the PDPA prepared by conventional method. XRD and FTIR spectroscopic analysis of PDPA loaded MCM-41 clearly informs that PDPA are entrapped in channels of MCM-41.     

循环流化床中流动结构的动态变化

采用激光相位多普勒粒子分析仪（ＰＤＰＡ）测量了二维循环流化床中局部颗粒运动行为及流动结构．通过将ＰＤＰＡ采集的数据进行动态图形化处理，研究了稀、密相的结构以及颗粒聚团的形成和分解．研究结果表明：在循环流化床中不仅存在稀、密两相的不均匀流动结构，而且密相和稀相自身内部也存在不均匀性；颗粒聚团的形成和分解是一个动态过程，颗粒间不同速度造成颗粒相互碰撞，密相能够分解形成稀相，稀相能够合并成为密相．在流动过程中稀相、密相及介于稀、密相间的乳相以动态的形式存在和分解，形成复杂的动态流动结构．     

Synthesis and functionalization of nanoengineered materials using click chemistry

The synthesis of nanoengineered materials with precise control over material composition, architecture and functionality is integral to advances in diverse fields, including biomedicine. Over the last 10 years, click chemistry has emerged as a prominent and versatile approach to engineer materials with specific properties. Herein, we highlight the application of click chemistry for the synthesis of nanoengineered materials, ranging from ultrathin films to delivery systems such as polymersomes, dendrimers and capsules. In addition, we discuss the use of click chemistry for functionalizing such materials, focusing on modifications aimed at biomedical applications.     

Investigation on the atomization characteristics of a solid-cone spray for dust reduction at low and medium pressures

Water spray is the most widely used means of wet dust reduction, and its atomization parameters are directly related to the effect of dust reduction. In order to obtain the atomization properties of solid-cone spray for dust reduction, the paper used droplet velocity and particle size to characterize its atomization characteristics. The Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) was used to precisely measure droplet sizes and velocities of a solid-cone spray at distances of 15?cm, 25?cm and 45?cm horizontally from the nozzle outlet, using low and medium spray pressures. The results show that the droplet size was fluctuant before spray pressure increasing to 2.0?MPa and then decreased gradually with the increasing of spray pressure. The droplet velocity increased with the raising spray pressure and the velocity at 45?cm is the minimum. The droplet size measurements taken 45?cm from the nozzle exhibited more complex slope changes in particle size curve that were not existed at the closer distances spray of 15?cm or 25?cm, which implies that the near-field spray is more stable than far-field spray. This study is of important significance for further understanding the characteristics of solid-cone spray and guiding its application in dust reduction.     

几种典型流动测量技术的原理及应用现状

介绍了在过去几十年已经有了飞跃的发展的先进的流动测量技术热线热膜测速技术、激光多普勒测速技术、粒子图象测速技术的测量原理及各自的应用特点,并对它们进行了综合比较分析。     

PDPA测量体积对测量结果的影响

本文采用激光相位多普勒粒子分析仪（PDPA）测量气固两相流局部颗粒的运动速度和粒度．通过比较在不同测量体积下测得的颗粒直径、速度及捕获粒子的速率，发现PDPA的测量体积对测量结果有明显的影响，特别是对较密的气固两相流影响非常显著．为了正确测量气固两相流中粒子大小和瞬时流动特性，木文提出PDPA测量体积不能小于或远大于被测粒子的平均体积；设置适当的测量体积，有利于测量较密集的颗粒流体系统．     

Experimental and numerical study on the flow behavior in a jet-driven swirling flow

In order to understand the asphalt separation processes in a new technique of solvent deasphalting, the hydrodynamics of the jet-driven swirling flow within a spray granulation tower (SGT) was studied by using experimental and numerical methods. Mean velocity components were measured by use of the Phase Doppler Particle Anemometer (PDPA). Simulation with Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) was carried out to understand the flow information. Two different zones in the jet-driven swirling flow were observed in both experiment and simulation. A combined effect of jet, jet entrainment and jet interactions leads to complex flow behavior in the upper part. A double swirling flow was identified on the basis of the tangential and the axial velocity distribution in the lower part. The specific flow pattern was identified based on the experimental and computational flow field. An empirical formula was proposed to predict the percentage of the SGT occupied by the jet and the swirl zone.     

高产气井测试地面分离器选型

利用相位多普勒粒子分析仪对包含叶栅分离元件和旋流器的新型组合分离器的分离性能进行测试研究,同时作为对比,在相同工况下对只含旋流器的分离器进行测试。结果表明,在各种工况下,现有只含旋流器的气液分离器的分离效率最高只有94.54%,而该新型组合气液分离器分离效率最高可达97.85%,该分离器分离性能达到设计要求。     

Atomization characteristics of intermittent multi-hole diesel spray using time-resolved PDPA data

The intermittent spray characteristics of a multi-hole diesel nozzle with a 2-spring nozzle holder were investigated experimentally. Without changing the total orifice exit area, the hole number of the multi-hole nozzle varied from 3 (d_n=0.42 mm) to 5 (d_n=0.32mm). The time-resolved droplet diameters of the spray including the SMD (Sauter mean diameter) and the AMD (arithmetic mean diameter), injected intermittently from the multi-hole nozzles into still ambient air, were measured by using a 2-D PDPA (phase Doppler particle analyzer). The 5-hole nozzle spray shows the smaller spray cone angle, the decreased SMD distributions and the small difference between the SMD and the AMD, compared with that of the 3-hole nozzle spray. From the SMD distributions with the radial distance, the spray structure can be classified into the three regions : (a) the inner region showing the high SMD distribution; (b) the mixing flow region where the shear flow structure would be constructed; and (c) the outer region formed through the disintegration processes of the spray inner region and composed of fine droplets. Through the SMD distributions along the spray centerline, it reveals that the SMD decreases rapidly after showing the maximum value in the vicinity of the nozzle tip. The SMD remains the constant value near the Z/d_n=166 and 156.3 for the 3-hole and 5-hole nozzles, which illustrate that the disintegration processes of the 5-hole nozzle spray proceed more rapidly than that of the 3-hole nozzle spray.