Perceived risk for influenza in veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders.

Objective: Guided by the extended parallel process model (EPPM), the objective was to assess control processes dominant in influenza behavior decisions. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Results: Response rate was 31% (n=968). Regarding influenza risk, 59% were in danger control. Those in fear control were more likely to report influenza infection (p=.000). In the nonvaccinated, those in fear control were more likely to indicate not knowing where to get the vaccine (p=.016) and that it was unavailable (p=.027), and those in danger control believed they did not need it (p=.023). Zero critical values were more likely to indicate that no health provider recommended the shot (p=.002). Conclusions: Most perceived efficacy to be stronger than threat related to influenza; according to the EPPM, they are aware of their risk but recognize their ability to avert it. For those in danger control, messages should focus on increasing perceptions of severity and susceptibility to positively affect behavior change. For those in fear control, messages should focus on efficacy only. With a critical value of zero, no threat is induced, and a high-threat/high-efficacy approach should be taken. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessing the role of basic control measures, antivirals and vaccine in curtailing pandemic influenza: scenarios for the US, UK and the Netherlands

An increasing number of avian flu cases in humans, arising primarily from direct contact with poultry, in several regions of the world have prompted the urgency to develop pandemic preparedness plans worldwide. Leading recommendations in these plans include basic public health control measures for minimizing transmission in hospitals and communities, the use of antiviral drugs and vaccination. This paper presents a mathematical model for the evaluation of the pandemic flu preparedness plans of the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK) and the Netherlands. The model is used to assess single and combined interventions. Using data from the US, we show that hospital and community transmission control measures alone can be highly effective in reducing the impact of a potential flu pandemic. We further show that while the use of antivirals alone could lead to very significant reductions in the burden of a pandemic, the combination of transmission control measures, antivirals and vaccine gives the most 'optimal' result. However, implementing such an optimal strategy at the onset of a pandemic may not be realistic. Thus, it is important to consider other plausible alternatives. An optimal preparedness plan is largely dependent on the availability of resources; hence, it is country-specific. We show that countries with limited antiviral stockpiles should emphasize their use therapeutically (rather than prophylactically). However, countries with large antiviral stockpiles can achieve greater reductions in disease burden by implementing them both prophylactically and therapeutically. This study promotes alternative strategies that may be feasible and attainable for the US, UK and the Netherlands. It emphasizes the role of hospital and community transmission control measures in addition to the timely administration of antiviral treatment in reducing the burden of a flu pandemic. The latter is consistent with the preparedness plans of the UK and the Netherlands. Our results indicate that for low efficacy and coverage levels of antivirals and vaccine, the use of a vaccine leads to the greatest reduction in morbidity and mortality compared with the singular use of antivirals. However, as these efficacy and coverage levels are increased, the use of antivirals is more effective.     

Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in sustainable energy generation and battle against COVID-19 pandemic: The knowledge evolution of 3D printing

Sustainable and cleaner manufacturing systems have found broad applications in industrial processes, especially aerospace, automotive and power generation. Conventional manufacturing methods are highly unsustainable regarding carbon emissions, energy consumption, material wastage, costly shipment and complex supply management. Besides, during global COVID-19 pandemic, advanced fabrication and management strategies were extremely required to fulfill the shortfall of basic and medical emergency supplies. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) reduces global energy consumption and CO₂ emissions related to industrial manufacturing. Various renewable energy harvesting mechanisms utilizing solar, wind, tidal and human potential have been fabricated through additive manufacturing. 3D printing aided the manufacturing companies in combating the deficiencies of medical healthcare devices for patients and professionals globally. In this regard, 3D printed medical face shields, respiratory masks, personal protective equipment, PLA-based recyclable air filtration masks, additively manufactured ideal tissue models and new information technology (IT) based rapid manufacturing are some significant contributions of 3DP. Furthermore, a bibliometric study of 3D printing research was conducted in CiteSpace. The most influential keywords and latest research frontiers were found and the 3DP knowledge was categorized into 10 diverse research themes. The potential challenges incurred by AM industry during the pandemic were categorized in terms of design, safety, manufacturing, certification and legal issues. Significantly, this study highlights the versatile role of 3DP in battle against COVID-19 pandemic and provides up-to-date research frontiers, leading the readers to focus on the current hurdles encountered by AM industry, henceforth conduct further investigations to enhance 3DP technology.     

Transformation of semantic knowledge into simulation-based decision support

Simulation is capable to cope with the uncertain and dynamic nature of industrial value chains. However, in-depth system expertise is inevitable for mapping objects and constraints from the real world to a virtual model. This knowledge-intensity leads to long development times of respective projects, which contradicts the need for timely decision support. Since more and more companies use industrial knowledge graphs and ontologies to foster their knowledge management, this paper proposes a framework on how to efficiently derive a simulation model from such semantic knowledge bases. As part of the approach, a novel Simulation Ontology provides a standardized meta-model for hybrid simulations. Its instantiation enables the user to come up with a fully parameterized formal simulation model. Newly developed Mapping Rules facilitate this process by providing guidance on how to turn knowledge from existing ontologies, which describe the system to be simulated, into instances of the Simulation Ontology. The framework is completed by a parsing procedure for an automated transformation of this conceptual model into an executable one. This novel modeling approach makes model development more efficient by reducing its complexity. It is validated in a use case implementation from semiconductor manufacturing, where cross-domain knowledge was required in order to model and simulate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on a global supply chain network.     

多表位DNA壳聚糖微球疫苗的体液免疫应答

目的研究多表位DNA壳聚糖微球疫苗的体液免疫应答。方法制备多表位DNA壳聚糖微球疫苗pcD-NA3.1-HME-3C3d,经鼻腔免疫小鼠,蛋白检测微孔试剂盒检测小鼠特异性IgG抗体水平。结果经免疫的小鼠均能产生针对各表位的特异性IgG抗体,DNA壳聚糖微球疫苗的抗体水平明显高于DNA疫苗。结论壳聚糖微球疫苗投递系统可提高多表位DNA疫苗的免疫应答效果。     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗检定方法精确度的探讨

目的 提高甲肝减毒活疫苗检定方法的精确度。方法 比较不同刑量组与剂量组不同的试验数,以 及采用点斜法与Ｒｅｅｄ－Ｍｕｅｎｃｈ法计算ＴＣＩＤ５０。结果 通过比较４种不同的试验设计,发现随着稀释倍数减小或／和各 稀释度试验管数增加,ＴＣＩＤ５０的标准误减小,以减小稀释倍数同时增加各稀释度试验管数,其标准误的缩小最为明显。 点斜法计算的ＩＣＩＤ５０９５％可信区间较Ｒｅｅｄ－Ｍｕｅｎｃｈ法为窄。结论 减小稀释倍数同时增加各稀释度试验管数,并采 用点斜法计算ＴＣＩＤ５０,能使疫苗检定方法的精确度满足规范化甲肝活疫苗滴定的要求。     

甲型肝炎病毒(L-A-1株)基因型分析

目的 分析甲肝病毒基因型,为确定我国甲肝的分子流行病学及疫苗的安全性和免疫原性奠定基础。方法 采用抗原捕获聚合酶链反应（AC/PCR）,依据国际上甲肝病毒分型标准,扩增VP1/2A结合处的168个核苦酸（nt2909～3264）。结果 经生物信息学软件分析,得出L-A-1株病毒属于甲肝病毒基因IB亚型。结论 在我国有IA和IB两个亚型甲肝病毒流行。     

丙型肝炎病毒多表位基因核酸疫苗的构建及其免疫原性

目的构建丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)多表位基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)-CtEm,用该重组质粒免疫BALB/c小鼠,并检测其免疫原性。方法用BamHⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切含有HCVC区、E2区模拟表位和NS3~NS5区细胞表位串联基因的原核表达载体pQE30-CtEm,克隆入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(-),脂质体瞬时转染CHO细胞,并检测其表达。以100μg重组质粒免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测其体液免疫和细胞免疫效果。结果所构建的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)-CtEm在CHO细胞中能获得有效表达。该质粒免疫小鼠后可诱导高水平的抗体,特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应、IFN-γ水平及CTL活性均明显高于空载体和生理盐水对照组。结论已成功构建HCV多表位基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)-CtEm,免疫小鼠后可诱导特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫应答。     

森林脑炎纯化疫苗和灭活疫苗的接种反应及免疫效果观察

目的　观察森林脑炎纯化疫苗及森林脑炎灭活疫苗的接种反应和免疫效果。方法　两种疫苗分别于接种后 ,观察局部反应和全身反应 ,免疫血清用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)和蚀斑减少试验法检测其中和抗体效价。结果　森林脑炎灭活疫苗局部反应和全身反应的发生率分别为 2 3 0. 8%和 15 . 38% ,人群抗体 2针接种后约 1/3检出阳性 ,3针接种后约 1/ 2检出阳性 ;森林脑炎纯化疫苗无 1例全身反应 ,局部反应为注射部位一过性轻度疼痛 ,发生率为 1 .13% ,2针接种后 85 %人检出阳性 ,免疫剂量 1 0ml组优于 0. 5ml组 ,差异有显著意义。结论　森林脑炎灭活疫苗副反应发生率高 ,免疫效果差 ,森林脑炎纯化疫苗副反应轻微 ,免疫后中和抗体阳转率高。     

应用免疫斑点法检测不同工艺灭活的乙肝血源疫苗中的前S_1和S_2蛋白

作者应用前 S_1、前 S_2和 HBsAg/a 单克隆抗体,用免疫斑点法(Immuno-spot)检测同一批的乙肝表面抗原分别经加热灭活和三步化学灭活后的前 S_1和前 S_2蛋白保留情况,比较了两种工艺对前 S_1和前 S_2蛋白的影响。结果表明;加热灭活可保留前 S_1和前 S_2蛋白,三步化学灭活使前 S_1和前 S_2蛋白丢失,从抗原组成上看,加热灭活后的抗原更接近自然抗原。首次报告了含有前 S_1蛋白的乙肝疫苗,并对前 S_1和前 S_2蛋白在乙肝血源疫苗中的可能作用进行了讨论。