All the civil nuclear energy systems could contribute to the proliferation risk that weapons-usable material might be diverted or misused for the weapons purpose by terrorists or states. Proliferation-resistant nuclear energy systems are of great importance for the peaceful use of nuclear energy by impeding the diversion or undeclared production of weapons-usable material by states. Since the National Alternative Systems Assessment Program (NASAP) carried out the assessment of proliferation resistance of the civil nuclear energy systems in late 1970s, several comprehensive studies have been performed, including the International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation (INFCE) by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Spent Fuel Standard by the United States National Academy of Science, the Technical Opportunities for Increasing the Proliferation Resistance of Global Civilian Nuclear Power Systems (TOPS) by the United States Department of Energy, the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) Methodology by the IAEA, and the Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems (Gen IV) by the Gen IV International Forum. However, all these studies appear lack in the interpretation of country-specific proliferation risk that is arbitrary imposed to the specific countries by major nuclear weapons states, even though the countries are members of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). This paper outlines the assessments of proliferation resistance of the above studies, points out the country-specific proliferation risk, and suggests further studies to increase the proliferation resistance of the civil nuclear energy systems in the specific NPT member countries such as South Korea. 相似文献
Data from the National Toxicology Program's carcinogenesis study of fumonisin B1 in B6C3F1 mice, conducted at the National Center for Toxicological Research, were used to fit the Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson (MVK) two-stage, clonal-expansion model of carcinogenesis. In addition to tumour data from the conventional 2-year bioassay, the study included data on tissue weights, cell proliferation, cell death, and sphingolipid metabolism in primary target organs. The model was used to predict 2-year liver tumour rates in female and male mice based on differences among dose groups in the effect of fumonisin B1 on the growth of normal tissue and on the proliferation of preneoplastic cells as a compensatory response to sphinganine-induced cell death. Fumonisin B1 was assumed to be non-genotoxic, i.e. the model did not include any effect of fumonisin B1 on either of the two mutation rates of the MVK model. The model was able to reproduce reasonably well the observed tumour rates in both female and male mice, predicting substantially increased rates above background only at the highest doses of fumonisin B1 in females. 相似文献
After about a 30-year hiatus of construction in the US but not in all involved countries, the designs for an improved water-cooled nuclear reactor will hopefully be developed by a consortium of nuclear reactor builders and users under an agreement with the US Department of Energy (DOE) and review by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The construction of high-temperature, helium-cooled pebble-bed or prismatic reactors may herald the entry of new, safer, and less costly types of reactors to replace the water-cooled reactors of the past and current types. Nuclear breeder reactors hold the promise of limitless energy supplies without the use of fossil fuels or renewables at acceptable costs but this development program has been stalled periodically, especially in the US, when abundant low-cost uranium sources were added to the supply side. 相似文献
The present study provides a quantitative basis for assessment of proliferation resistance properties of U and Pu isotopes.
Within the large area of issues covered by term of proliferation resistance, the only technical characteristics were chosen as a subject for discussion. The present study concentrates on intrinsic proliferation resistance features focusing the material characteristics associated with bare critical mass (BCM), decay heat (DH) and spontaneous-fission neutrons (SFN), which are treated as the main constituents of isotopic barriers against proliferation. The present study aims at determining major proliferation resistant attributes for U and Pu. This determination is largely based on analysis of their critical bare spheres. The MCNP code coupled with JENDL 3.2 data library is the main tool applied for this study. The other characteristics were summarized from the data available in scientific literature. 相似文献