New azodisperse dyes with thiazole, thiophene, pyridone and pyrazolone moiety for dyeing polyester fabrics

New antipyrinylazo dyes were prepared by diazocoupling of 4-antipyrinyl diazonium chloride with a variety of coupling components e.g. thiazole, thiophene, pyridone, and pyrazole moieties. The synthesized dyes were characterized by UV-visible absorption, IR, ¹H NMR, and MS spectroscopy. These dyes were applied as disperse dyes for dyeing polyester fabrics and their fastness properties were evaluated. Also the position of color in CIELAB coordinates (L*, a*, b*, H*, C*) was assessed.     

The temperature's influence on the selectivity between HNCO and HCN from pyrolysis of 2,5-diketopiperazine and 2-pyridone

Two cyclic amides, 2-pyridone and 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP), were pyrolysed at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1100 °C. Pyridone is the only one of the four main nitrogen functionalities found in coal that is likely to form HNCO under pyrolysis. DKP is a primary pyrolysis product from proteins, which are the main nitrogen source in biomass. The formation of HNCO from biomass has been suggested to originate from DKP and other cyclic amides. The aromatic 2-pyridone was thermally more stable than the non-aromatic DKP. Both amides formed HCN, HNCO and NH₃. The NH₃ yields, about 3-4% for 2-pyridone and 10% for DKP, were almost independent of temperature. The HCN yield on the other hand showed strong temperature dependence and increased with temperature for both of the cyclic amides. The HNCO yield decreased with increasing temperature for DKP over the whole temperature interval. For 2-pyridone, the pyrolysis was incomplete at the lowest temperature in the investigation. Between 900 and 1100 °C, the pyrolysis of 2-pyridone was complete and the HNCO yield decreased with increasing temperature. The HNCO/HCN ratio for both of the cyclic amides decreased with increasing temperature over the whole investigated temperature range. The finding in literature that the HNCO formation from cracking of coal tars produced a maximum HNCO yield at an intermediate temperature, is explained by the thermal stability of pyridone at low temperatures and the selectivity towards HCN at high temperatures.