7种芸香科植物精油抑菌活性的研究

通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取了花椒、柠檬、脐橙、蜜柚、砂糖橘、丑柑以及椪柑7种芸香科植物的挥发性成分。采用肉汤稀释法测定了上述7种单种精油以及2组复配精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等6种常见致病细菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,7种芸香科精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的生长均表现不同程度的抑制活性。除了丑柑精油外,其余6种精油对大肠杆菌均表现出了杀灭活性,MBC值在20~40mg/mL之间。精油按照不同比例复配后,抑制活性表现出差异性,柠檬与蜜柚或花椒精油存在拮抗作用。研究结果有助于了解单种精油和复方精油的抑菌性能,为芸香科植物精油的开发应用提供依据。     

Dermatitis-inducing furanocoumarins on leaf surfaces of eight species of Rutaceous and Umbelliferous plants

Eight species of Rutaceae or Umbelliferae, known to cause or suspected of causing photophytodermatitis, had the linear furanocoumarins psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin on their leaf surfaces, in concentrations varying from 0.014 to 1800 /gmg/g fresh weight, equivalent to 0.17–56% of the total leaf concentration. The higher percentage generally observed for spring leaves compared to autumn leaves suggests a higher rate of transfer of these furanocoumarins to the surface in the younger leaves. Among the plants studied,Ruta graveolens had the highest surface concentrations of all three furanocoumarins. The relatively high effectiveness in causing dermatitis of some species with low surface concentrations may be explained by a more effective mechanism of transfer of the furanocoumarins to the skin. A role in the defense of the plant is suggested by their accumulation on the plant surface.A paper based on the work reported here was presented at the Groupe Polyphénols conference, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, August 19–19, 1988.     

A novel attractant for Mexican fruit fly,Anastrepha ludens,from fermented host fruit

Chemicals from fermented chapote fruit were identified and evaluated as attractants for hungry adult Mexican fruit flies in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. Twenty-eight chemicals identified from an attractive gas-chromatography fraction were as attractive as a chapote volatiles extract (CV) when mixed in the same amounts found in CV. Sixteen of the chemicals were slightly attractive to flies when tested individually. A mixture containing 15 of the chemicals by design and the 16th as an impurity, in arbitrary concentrations, was at least as attractive as the original CV. In a series of experiments, the number of chemicals was reduced to three by elimination of unnecessary components. The three-component mixture retained the attractiveness of the 15-component mixture. The three chemicals were 1,8-cineole, ethyl hexanoate, and hexanol (CEH). Attractiveness of the three-chemical mixture was equal to the sum of the attractiveness of the three individual components, suggesting that each chemical binds to a different receptor type that independently elicits partial attraction behavior. Optimal ratios were 1011 of the three chemicals, respectively. Optimal test quantities ranged between 0.4–4g of 1,8-cineole and 40–400 ng each of ethyl hexanoate and hexanol applied to filter paper in the laboratory bioassays. A neat 1011 mixture of the chemicals was 1.8 times more attractive than aqueous solutions ofTorula dried yeast and borax to starved 2-day-old flies when the lures were tested in competing McPhail traps in a large greenhouse cage.Diptera: Tephritidae.     

New Coumarin Derivatives and Other Constituents from the Stem Bark of Zanthoxylum avicennae: Effects on Neutrophil Pro-Inflammatory Responses

Three new coumarin derivatives, 8-formylalloxanthoxyletin (1), avicennone (2), and (Z)-avicennone (3), have been isolated from the stem bark of Zanthoxylum avicennae (Z. avicennae), together with 15 known compounds (4–18). The structures of these new compounds were determined through spectroscopic and MS analyses. Compounds 1, 4, 9, 12, and 15 exhibited inhibition (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values ≤7.65 µg/mL) of superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils in response to formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLP/CB). Compounds 1, 2, 4, 8 and 9 inhibited fMLP/CB-induced elastase release with IC₅₀ values ≤8.17 µg/mL. This investigation reveals bioactive isolates (especially 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 12 and 15) could be further developed as potential candidates for the treatment or prevention of various inflammatory diseases.