Continuity-based model interfacing for plant-wide simulation: a general approach

In plant-wide simulation studies of wastewater treatment facilities, often existing models from different origin need to be coupled. However, as these submodels are likely to contain different state variables, their coupling is not straightforward. The continuity-based interfacing method (CBIM) provides a general framework to construct model interfaces for models of wastewater systems, taking into account conservation principles. In this contribution, the CBIM approach is applied to study the effect of sludge digestion reject water treatment with a SHARON-Anammox process on a plant-wide scale. Separate models were available for the SHARON process and for the Anammox process. The Benchmark simulation model no. 2 (BSM2) is used to simulate the behaviour of the complete WWTP including sludge digestion. The CBIM approach is followed to develop three different model interfaces. At the same time, the generally applicable CBIM approach was further refined and particular issues when coupling models in which pH is considered as a state variable, are pointed out.     

新型生物脱氮工艺的研究进展

氨氮废水是引起水体富营养化的主要因素。综述了传统生物脱氮的一般原理。介绍了生物脱氮领域最近开发的几种新工艺：SHARON、ANAMMOX、SHARON—ANAMMOX联合工艺、同时硝化一反硝化．为高效生物脱氮技术提供了新的理论和思路。     

短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术

为防止湖泊和其他受纳水体富营养化的发生,各城市污水处理厂均应用新的运行方法和控制策略进行脱氮除磷.随着新的微生物处理技术的介入,污水处理设施的功效得到显著提高.短程硝化反硝化技术应用于处理高氨氮质量浓度和低C/N比污水时,在经济上和技术上均具有较高的可行性.成功实现短程硝化反硝化技术的关键是将硝化反应控制并维持在亚硝酸盐阶段,不进行亚硝酸盐至硝酸盐的转化.从不同角度对成功实现、维持和应用短程硝化反硝化技术的方法进行探讨,主要包括控制DO质量浓度、调节污泥龄、反应温度、系统pH、底物负荷、工艺运行方式、抑制剂等.     

移动床生物膜反应器SHARON工艺半亚硝化特性

采用移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）对城市垃圾渗滤液进行SHARON工艺研究。主要研究了该反应器的启动情况和氨氮浓度、溶解氧（DO）以及pH等因素对反应器半亚硝化效果的影响。结果表明,在控制HRT=1 d、温度30℃、DO=0.5～1.0 mg·L^-1、pH=7.5左右、无污泥回流等条件下,经过4周的运行,成功地选择培养出亚硝化型生物膜,实现了短程硝化。研究表明通过控制进水氨氮浓度、DO和pH,可以达到出水半亚硝化的处理效果。当进水氨氮浓度为500 mg·L^-1时,出水半亚硝化的控制条件是pH=7.0,DO=1.5 mg·L^-1;而在进水氨氮浓度为300 mg·L^-1时,控制pH=7.0,DO=1.0 mg·L^-1,出水也可实现半亚硝化。最大可能计数法（MPN）测定发现,亚硝化菌在数量上的绝对优势是反应器能始终保持高效稳定的亚硝氮积累的主要原因。     

Dynamics of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emission during full-scale reject water treatment

Emission of NO and N2O from a full-scale two-reactor nitritation-anammox process was determined during a measurement campaign at the Dokhaven-Sluisjesdijk municipal WWTP (Rotterdam, NL). The NO and N2O levels in the off-gas responded to the aeration cycles and the aeration rate of the nitritation reactor, and to the nitrite and dissolved oxygen concentration. Due to the strong fluctuations in the NO and N2O levels in both the nitritation and the anammox reactor, only time-dependent measurements could yield a reliable estimate of the overall NO and N2O emissions. The NO emission from the nitritation reactor was 0.2% of the nitrogen load and the N2O emission was 1.7%. The NO emission from the anammox reactor was determined to be 0.003% of the nitrogen load and the N2O emission was 0.6%. Emission of NO2 could not be detected from the nitritation-anammox system. Denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria was considered to be the most probable cause of NO and N2O emission from the nitritation reactor. Since anammox bacteria have not been shown to produce N2O under physiological conditions, it is also suspected that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria contribute most to N2O production in the anammox reactor. The source of NO production in the anammox reactor can be either anammox bacteria or denitrification by heterotrophs or ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Based on the results and previous work, it seems that a low dissolved oxygen or a high nitrite concentration are the most likely cause of elevated NO and N2O emission by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. The emission was compared with measurements at other reject water technologies and with the main line of the Dokhaven-Sluisjesdijk WWTP. The N2O emission levels in the reject water treatment seem to be in the same range as for the main stream of activated sludge processes. Preliminary measurements of the N2O emission from a one-reactor nitritation-anammox system indicate that the emission is lower than in two-reactor systems.     

污水生物脱氮技术研究新进展

介绍了几种污水生物脱氮新工艺:SHARON和OLAND工艺、厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)、SHARON-ANAMMOX组合、全程自养短程脱氮(CANON)、反氨化(De-ammonification)、NOx工艺(NOx cy-cle)。     

CANON工艺处理垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度氨氮

CANON工艺是在限氧的条件下 ,利用完全自养性微生物将氨氮和亚硝酸盐同时去除的一种方法 ,从反应形式上看 ,它是SHARON和ANAMMOX工艺的结合 ,因此可以在同一个反应器中进行。深圳市下坪固体废弃物填埋场渗滤液处理厂通过一年多的运行 ,发现溶解氧控制在 1mg/L左右 ,进水氨氮 <80 0mg/L ,氨氮负荷 <0 4 6kgNH+ 4/(m3·d)的条件下 ,可以利用SBR反应器实现CANON工艺 ,氨氮的去除率 >95 % ,总氮的去除率 >90 %。     

厌氧氨氧化脱氮技术的研究进展

介绍厌氧氨氧化技术机理以及与此相关的微生物生理生态学特征,综述该脱氧技术研究现状及具体应用以及不同反应器应用厌氧氨氧化技术的脱氧情况,比较不同脱氧工艺,探讨了厌氧氨氧化技术未来的研究重点。     

Influence of temperature and pH on the kinetics of the Sharon nitritation process

The SHARON (Single reactor High activity Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite) process is an innovative process that improves the sustainability of wastewater treatment, especially when combined with an Anammox process. It aims at ammonium oxidation to nitrite only, while preventing further nitrate formation. In order to optimize this process by means of modelling and simulation, parameters of the biological processes have to be assessed. Batch tests with SHARON sludge clearly showed that ammonia rather than ammonium is the actual substrate and nitrous acid rather than nitrite is the actual inhibitor of the ammonium oxidation in the SHARON process. From these batch tests the ammonia affinity constant, the nitrous acid inhibition constant and the oxygen affinity constant were determined to be 0.75 mgNH₃‐N L^?1, 2.04 mgHNO₂‐N L^?1 and 0.94 mgO₂ L^?1. The influence of pH and temperature on the oxygen uptake rate of SHARON biomass was determined, indicating the existence of a pH interval between 6.5 and 8 and a temperature interval from 35 to 45 °C where the biomass activity is maximal. The kinetic parameters of the SHARON process were determined based on batch experiments. These parameters can now be implemented in a simulation model for further optimization of the SHARON process. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

一体化生物脱氮技术研究进展

废水氨氮污染已成为环境领域的热点问题。针对废水氨氮污染,国际上研发了一批高效废水生物脱氮技术。本文将3种典型工艺--同步硝化-反硝化(SND)工艺、短程硝化-反硝化(SHARON)工艺、基于亚硝氮的全自养脱氮(CANON)工艺归类并命名为一体化生物脱氮技术,分别对其原理、特征、效能和应用进行了分析评述,以期为该技术的深度研发提供参考。总结了与传统脱氮技术相比,一体化生物脱氮技术具有工艺流程短、系统操作易、占地面积小、运行费用低等优势。其中以氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌等自养型微生物作为脱氮功能菌的一体化自养型生物脱氮工艺的研发将成为一体化生物脱氮技术的研究前沿,一体化自养型生物脱氮工艺的研发将集中于优质菌种的培育和反应器的优化。