Renewable Power-to-Gas: A technological and economic review

The Power-to-Gas (PtG) process chain could play a significant role in the future energy system. Renewable electric energy can be transformed into storable methane via electrolysis and subsequent methanation.This article compares the available electrolysis and methanation technologies with respect to the stringent requirements of the PtG chain such as low CAPEX, high efficiency, and high flexibility.Three water electrolysis technologies are considered: alkaline electrolysis, PEM electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis. Alkaline electrolysis is currently the cheapest technology; however, in the future PEM electrolysis could be better suited for the PtG process chain. Solid oxide electrolysis could also be an option in future, especially if heat sources are available.Several different reactor concepts can be used for the methanation reaction. For catalytic methanation, typically fixed-bed reactors are used; however, novel reactor concepts such as three-phase methanation and micro reactors are currently under development. Another approach is the biochemical conversion. The bioprocess takes place in aqueous solutions and close to ambient temperatures.Finally, the whole process chain is discussed. Critical aspects of the PtG process are the availability of CO₂ sources, the dynamic behaviour of the individual process steps, and especially the economics as well as the efficiency.     

Commercial process for mass production of synthetic natural gas through the adiabatic reactors: operational characteristics of a 50‐kW pilot‐plant,influence of steam,and CO2

In synthetic natural gas (SNG) reaction process, the water gas shift (WGS) reaction and methanation reaction take place simultaneously, and an insufficient supply of steam might deactivate the catalyst. In this study, the characteristics of the methanation reaction with a commercial catalyst and using a low [H₂]/[CO] mole ratio in SNG synthesis are evaluated. The reaction characteristics at various possible process parameters are evaluated varying different process parameters such as the [H₂O]/[CO] mole ratio, [H₂]/[CO] mole ratio, flow of different % CO₂, and reaction temperature. Temperature profiles on catalyst bed are monitored as a function of the [H₂O]/[CO] mole ratio, [H₂]/[CO] mole ratio, and flow of different % CO₂. Through a lab‐scale optimization process, suitable optimum conditions are selected and in the same condition a 50‐kW pilot‐scale SNG production process through adiabatic reactors is carried out. The pilot scale SNG reaction is stable through overnight and the CO conversion efficiency and CH₄ selectivity are 100% and 97.3%, respectively, while the maximum CH₄ productivity is 0.654 m³/kg_cat · h. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bark as feedstock for dual fluidized bed gasifiers—Operability,efficiency, and economics

The demand for biofuels and biochemicals is expected to increase in the future, which will in turn increase the demand for biomass feedstock. Large gasification plants fueled with biomass feedstock are likely to be a key enabling technology in a resource‐efficient, bio‐based economy. Furthermore, the costs for producing biofuels and biochemicals in such plants could potentially be decreased by utilizing inexpensive low‐grade residual biomass as feedstock. This study investigates the usage of shredded tree bark as a feedstock for the production of biomethane in the GoBiGas demonstration plant in Gothenburg, Sweden, based on a 32 MW_th industrial dual fluidized bed gasification unit. The plant was operated with bark feedstock for 12 000 hours during the period 2014 to 2018. Data from the measurement campaign were processed using a stochastic approach to establish the plant's mass and energy balances, which were then compared with operation of the plant with wood pellets. For this comparison, an extrapolation algorithm was developed to predict plant performance using bark dried to the same moisture content as wood pellets, ie, 8%_w.b. Plant operation with bark feedstock was evaluated for operability, efficiency, and feedstock‐related cost. The gas quality achieved during the test period was similar to that obtained for operation with wood pellets. Furthermore, no significant ash sintering or agglomeration problems were observed more than 750 hours of operation. The calculated biomass‐to‐biomethane efficiency is 43% to 47% (lower heating value basis) for operation with wet bark. However, the predicted biomass‐to‐biomethane efficiency can be increased to 55%–65% for operation with bark feedstock dried to 8% moisture content, with corresponding feedstock costs in the range of 24.2 to 32.7 EUR/MWh; ie, a cost reduction of about 40% compared with wood pellets.     

基于催化剂防护及SNG品质的甲烷化工艺设计

描述了甲烷化过程中发生的主要反应,指出多级循环绝热固定床是适合完全甲烷化的成熟工艺。着重分析了甲烷化催化剂4种失活模式:高温烧结、硫中毒、析碳及羰基镍形成带来的活性流失,指出有效的应对措施是:循环气稀释进气CO反应浓度、进一步深度脱硫、保持高温水汽比及开停车过程N2置换。基于煤基合成气甲烷化过程中所有耗氢反应物质的量的配比平衡,推导了进气组分配比模数公式,提出了以平衡模值为基点建立模数调节区间的方法,端点模值对应SNG最低的质量保证值。实例证明以此方法可得到预期的SNG组分,并验证了所得SNG是一种优质清洁的替代性天然气。     

两段式干煤粉加压气化技术在煤制天然气中的应用

介绍了国内天然气供求现状以及煤制天然气用途。对煤制天然气中煤气化、CO变换、合成气净化、甲烷化、压缩和干燥等关键工艺流程进行了阐述。详细介绍了两段式干煤粉加压气化技术和激冷、废锅流程设备特点,以及这些技术和设备在煤制天然气方面的应用。模拟计算了采用该技术的年产10亿m3煤制天然气项目的主要装置和相关工艺参数和结果,同时对项目技术经济效益进行了简要分析。最后总结出煤制天然气中气化技术的选择原则,并对煤制天然气的发展提出建议。     

我国煤制天然气发展的探讨

分析了煤制天然气相关产业政策情况、国内天然气市场状况和甲烷化技术。煤制天然气项目具有能量效率高、单位热值耗水量低和CO2排放量低等特点,是煤制能源产品最有效的利用方式之一。立足于国内能源结构,统筹考虑水资源及生态环境承载力,以城市燃气为目标市场,在某些富煤地区适度发展煤制天然气,可以缓解国内天然气供求矛盾,并且通过合理优化项目建设方案,还可作为城市燃气的重要调峰手段。     

煤制天然气过程模拟与?分析

煤制天然气过程具有设备流程简单、技术成熟可靠、单位热值投资成本低等优点。本文运用Aspen Plus软件建立煤制天然气流程的过程模型,并采用?分析法对系统主要单元进行计算分析,得出系统的?分布状况及各单元的?损失量。结果表明,低温甲醇洗单元的?效率最高,为98.22%,煤气化单元的?效率最低,为58.99%。同时,系统的?损失也主要发生在煤气化单元,占系统总?损失的72.69%。煤气化单元中主要的?损失是由于传热不可逆和化学反应的不可逆性引起的内部?损失,通过优化气化温度、汽氧摩尔比等方式改善气化炉的气化条件是提高气化?效率、降低系统?损失的关键。     

煤制合成天然气发电系统技术和前景分析

对优质天然气资源需求的不断增加以及价格的高涨使得以煤为原料生产合成天然气技术引起了人们的普遍关注。笔者对典型的煤制合成天然气技术进行了分析,与高效发电技术相结合,提出了基于SNG的新型发电系统（包括SNG-电联产调峰系统和IGFC系统）,分析了SNG发电系统的特点和发展前景。     

浅谈SNG在电视新闻直播中的应用

SNG实现了电视新闻事件的现场实况报道,让观众同步目睹新闻事件的发生,开启了非计划性的、非常态化的、动态性的电视新闻直播技术新篇章。文章首先介绍了SNG的概念及技术原理,接着分析了SNG对电视新闻直播的影响,最后对SNG在电视新闻节目中的应用形式和弱点进行了总结。