An Investigation into Lubrication and Oxide Breakdown During Load-Carrying Capacity Testing

Changes occurring in the friction and wear mechanisms during a load-carrying capacity test, lubricated with cetane containing a carboxylic acid, were investigated. The changes in wear scar/track appearance and oxide coverage/composition were analyzed during every load stage.

The main conclusions were as follows:

• The breakdown in the protective oxide layer formed on the opposing steel surfaces was found to be the prerequisite for initiation of seizure.

• The seizure load achieved during load-carrying capacity testing quantifies the ability of the test fluid to prevent transition to the adhesive wear regime.

• The most severe surface damage was found to occur during the first few seconds after test initiation. Desorption of the adsorbed lubricant film and the subsequent removal of the naturally occurring thin oxide layer results in the initial period of adhesive wear.

• Partial recovery to a state of acceptable friction occurs after the period of initial seizure. During this period, the surface coverage by the adsorption lubricant molecules and the oxide coverage are sufficient to prevent severe adhesive wear from occurring. Wear is primarily a combination of oxidative, abrasive, and fatigue wear (all possible in the regions of mixed friction and boundary lubrication).

• Final lubricant breakdown and eventual seizure are initiated when the oxide removal rate exceeds the oxide formation rate resulting in severe adhesive wear followed by seizure.

     

A review on process intensification in internally heat-integrated distillation columns

Internally heat-integrated distillation column (HIDiC) is the most radical approach of a heat pump design, making efficient use of internal heat-integration: the rectifying section of a distillation column operating at a higher pressure becomes the heat source, while the stripping part of the column acts as a heat sink. Remarkably, a HIDIC can bring up to 70% energy savings compared to conventional distillation columns. This is highly appealing regarding the fact that distillation is one of the most energy intensive operations in the chemical process industry accounting for over 40% of the energy usage. This review paper describes the latest developments concerning this promising but difficult to implement process intensification technology, covering all the major aspects related to the working principle, thermodynamic analysis, potential energy savings, various design configurations and construction options (ranging from inter-coupled or concentric columns, shell and tube and plate–fin heat exchanger columns to SuperHIDiC), design optimization, process control and operation issues, as well as pilot-scale and potential industrial applications. Further advancement, i.e., development of HIDiC technology for multi-component mixture separations is an extremely challenging research topic, especially when HIDiC becomes associated with other technologies such as dividing-wall column (DWC) or reactive distillation (RD).     

基于缝网扩展模拟的致密储层体积压裂水平井产能贡献分析

针对致密储层体积压裂缝网扩展预测和多重孔隙介质耦合流动模拟难度大的问题,开展了基于体积压裂裂缝扩展机理的致密储层流体流动规律研究,建立了多重介质不稳定渗流数学模型和多裂缝互相干扰条件下的压裂裂缝网络扩展模型,并采用有限单元法求解.以鄂尔多斯盆地致密油为例进行生产模拟,分析致密油藏体积压裂水平井不同孔隙介质产量贡献程度....     

低黏度0W-16汽油机油减摩性能研究

目的 研究低黏度0W-16机油的减摩性能。方法 选取3种减摩剂MoDTC、GMO和油酸酰胺,分别按一定比例加入到0W-16基础油中,获得单剂油样,并选取2种0W-16全配方机油（A-1油和A-2油）,利用SRV-IV试验机测试润滑油样的减摩性能和极压性能,利用傅立叶红外光谱仪和油料元素光谱分析仪分析机油油样结构,并利用3D光学表面轮廓仪表征缸套块磨痕形貌。结果 对于单剂油样,0W-16基础油分别加入MoDTC、GMO和油酸酰胺后,平均摩擦系数由0.198分别减小到0.088~0.116、0.167~0.178和0.179~0.194,缸套块磨痕平均深度由3.59 mm分别减小到0.44~0.52 mm、2.11~2.24 mm和3.19~3.44 mm。对于0W-16全配方机油,在摩擦润滑试验低温区,A-1油比A-2油摩擦系数低,随着温度升高,A-1油和A-2油的摩擦系数进一步减小;摩擦润滑试验后,A-1油和A-2油的缸套块磨痕平均深度分别为0.13 mm和0.18 mm。在极压试验中,A-1油和A-2油的极压值分别为1500 N和900 N。结论 在0W-16基础油中分别加入3种减摩剂后,MoDTC的减摩和抗磨作用最好,油酸酰胺的减摩和抗磨作用最差。对于0W-16全配方机油,在摩擦润滑试验低温区,A-1油中的无灰减摩剂和MoDTC产生协同作用,表现出更低的摩擦系数;随着温度升高,A-1油和A-2油中的ZDDP与MoDTC产生协同作用,进一步降低摩擦系数。在极压试验中,A-1油中的ZDDP与其他添加剂产生协同作用,表现出更大的极压值。添加剂之间的协同作用对油品节能性能产生重要影响。     

喷钼活塞环抗磨粒磨损机制研究

采用SRV试验机分段试验方法,对喷钼活塞环与磷硼气缸套组成的摩擦副,在石英砂磨粒条件下的抗磨粒磨损机制进行了研究。结果表明,摩擦副材料的表层结构和化学组成对磨粒磨损性能有显著影响;喷Mo活塞环/气缸套摩擦副受磨粒磨损的影响不大,喷钼活塞环具有良好抗磨粒磨损性能。     

页岩气储层缝网压裂理论与技术研究新进展

为破解页岩气开发技术的瓶颈,借鉴北美地区页岩气开发已取得的成果与经验,基于我国自2005年来页岩气开发技术的探索与实践认识,并结合最新的研究成果,综合分析了页岩气储层缝网可压性评价、缝网扩展机理、压裂改造体积评价、压裂液研制等方面的理论新进展,主要包括：页岩脆性从建立矿物、力学的半定量门限值测定发展到整合了岩石组分、弹性力学、天然裂缝发育特征的综合评价;缝网扩展从定向延伸理论发展到随机天然裂缝分布下的缝网形成模拟;储层改造体积从依赖微地震监测等仪器技术发展到依托于离散裂缝网络、扩展有限元的数学理论评价方法;压裂液从滑溜水（减阻水）和线性胶压裂液体系的泛用到少水或无水等新型压裂液的研制与应用。在此基础上,指出了页岩气储层缝网可压裂性综合评价、深层页岩气压裂、页岩气压裂施工曲线诊断、页岩气重复压裂理论、新型压裂液体系研制及其返排控制等理论和技术所面临的挑战,并预测了相关技术的发展趋势,以期为我国后续页岩气高效开发提供理论与技术指导。     

考虑应力敏感和复杂运移的页岩气藏压力动态分析

页岩气藏渗透率极低,储层存在很强的应力敏感性,所以需对其进行水力压裂。通过分析吸附解吸、Knudsen扩散、非稳态窜流和渗流等多种气体运移机制来建立页岩气藏复合模型,采用Mathieu函数、Pedrosa变量代换、正则摄动理论、拉普拉斯变换和Stehfest数值反演等方法来求解数学模型,并绘制出无因次拟压力曲线,同时对渗透率模量、SRV半径、外区裂缝渗透率、扩散系数和解吸压缩系数等相关参数进行敏感性分析。结果显示：气体流动阶段可划分为9段,渗透率模量的增加导致气井定产量生产时所需压差增大,而SRV半径和解吸压缩系数的增大使得压差减小;较大的外区裂缝渗透率与较小的流度比相对应,扩散系数越大,页岩基质表观渗透率越大,窜流发生的越早。提出的试井模型可提高页岩气藏压力动态分析的准确性,对压裂开发页岩气藏具有一定的理论指导意义。     

边界润滑下发动机油抗磨性能模拟试验与发动机试验对比

文章对几个不同抗磨剂方案的发动机油样品,在SRV-4型摩擦试验机进行了模拟试验评价,并利用SEM对磨斑形貌进行了分析,还进行了模拟发动机试验和标准TU3M发动机试验。试验结果表明:不同ZDDP方案、不同抗磨剂用量的样品在抗磨性能上表现出较大的差异。SRV摩擦试验机上的模拟评价结果与模拟发动机试验和标准TU3M发动机试验具有较好的一致性,初步表明采用SRV试验机来评价边界润滑下油品抗磨损性能的可行性。此外,还对模拟试验结果与发动机试验结果之间的对应性进行了探讨。     

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??Deep shale gas reservoirs buried underground with depth being more than 3 500 m are characterized by high in-situ stress, large horizontal stress difference, complex distribution of bedding and natural cracks, and strong rock plasticity. Thus, during hydraulic fracturing, these reservoirs often reveal difficult fracture extension, low fracture complexity, low stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), low conductivity and fast decline, which hinder greatly the economic and effective development of deep shale gas. In this paper, a specific and feasible technique of volume fracturing of deep shale gas horizontal wells is presented. In addition to planar perforation, multi-scale fracturing, full-scale fracture filling, and control over extension of high-angle natural fractures, some supporting techniques are proposed, including multi-stage alternate injection (of acid fluid, slick water and gel) and the mixed- and small-grained proppant to be injected with variable viscosity and displacement. These techniques help to increase the effective stimulated reservoir volume (ESRV) for deep gas production. Some of the techniques have been successfully used in the fracturing of deep shale gas horizontal wells in Yongchuan, Weiyuan and southern Jiaoshiba blocks in the Sichuan Basin. As a result, Wells YY1HF and WY1HF yielded initially 14.1×104 m3/d and 17.5×104 m3/d after fracturing. The volume fracturing of deep shale gas horizontal well is meaningful in achieving the productivity of 50×108 m3 gas from the interval of 3 500–4 000 m in Phase II development of Fuling and also in commercial production of huge shale gas resources at a vertical depth of less than 6 000 m.     

页岩气水平井增产改造体积评价模型及其应用

目前,已有的水力压裂储层增产改造体积(SRV)评价方法主要包括微地震监测法、倾斜仪测量法以及数学模型计算法,其中,直接测量方法都存在着成本高、可复制性差的不足,而理论模型计算SRV可以降低成本,提高计算的速度和结果的准确性、可靠性。为此,在分析目前SRV评价模型局限性的前提下,基于水平井分段分簇压裂裂缝扩展理论、岩石力学理论和渗流力学理论,考虑页岩气水平井分段分簇压裂裂缝扩展过程中流体扩散渗流场和裂缝诱导应力场同时改变对页岩体天然裂缝的触发破坏机制,针对页岩气储层水平井分段分簇缝网压裂建立了一套SRV数值评价模型(以下简称新模型),并据此对分簇裂缝延伸行为、水力裂缝诱导应力场变化、水力压裂储层压力场抬升以及天然裂缝破坏区域的扩展进行数值模拟与表征,计算储层改造总体积,并在涪陵国家级页岩气示范区X1-HF井对新模型进行了矿场应用验证。结果表明:(1)新模型的计算方法与页岩压裂过程储层SRV实际物理演化机制相一致,可实现对SRV更准确地计算和定量表征;(2)新模型模拟所得SRV与现场微地震监测结果较为吻合;(3)示范区内水平井分段压裂形成的SRV能够满足页岩气高效开发的要求,压裂增产效果明显。结论认为,新模型具有较高的准确性和可靠性,对于涪陵页岩气示范区后期页岩气缝网压裂优化设计、井间距调整和加密井部署设计等都具有重要的指导作用,值得大规模推广应用。