Pore pressure development in hybrid fibre-reinforced high strength concrete at elevated temperatures

The present experimental work investigates the build-up of pore pressure at different depths of High Strength Concrete (HSC) and Hybrid-Fibre-Reinforced High Strength Concrete (HFRHSC) when exposed to different heating rates. First, the effect of the measurement technique on maximum pore pressures measured was evaluated. The pressure measurement technique which utilised a sintered metal and silicon oil was found to be the most effective technique for pore pressure measurement. Pore pressure measurements carried out showed that addition of polypropylene fibres is very effective in mitigation of spalling and build-up of pore pressure inside heated HSC. Addition of steel fibres plays some role in pore pressure reduction at relatively higher pressures in deeper regions of concrete during fast heating. Pore pressure development is highly influenced by the rate of heating with fast heating leading to higher pore pressures in the deeper regions of concrete compared to slow heating.     

A Two-Dimensional Finite Element Model for Kiln-Drying of Refractory Concrete

ABSTRACT

A two-dimensional finite element model is developed for kiln-drying of refractory concrete. Using this model simulations are carried out for refractory concrete castings of different thicknesses to investigate the effects of drying schedules on pore steam pressure and moisture removal. Simulation results from both one- and two-dimensional models are compared and discussed. On the basis of the simulation results new realistic drying schedules are suggested.     

势能法计算剥落故障齿轮时变啮合刚度

剥落故障发生时,齿轮啮合刚度变化引起的振动响应特征是实现齿轮故障诊断的重要依据。针对剥落故障对轮齿时变啮合刚度的影响,提出将势能法应用于计算剥落故障齿轮时变啮合刚度的模型。分析了故障长宽厚参数对其时变啮合刚度的影响,得出沿轴向的宽度参数对啮合刚度下降影响最为明显,厚度参数影响最小;通过势能法中5要素对比,分析出赫兹刚度和基体柔性变形刚度是影响剥落故障时变啮合刚度的关键因素,为快速求解故障刚度提供新途径。     

四辊轧机接触压力及剥落问题的研究

采用有限元法研究了在任意工况下四辊轧机工作辊与支承辊间接触压力沿横向分布的计算原理及技术要点,并对影响冷轧工作辊寿命的辊面剥落问题进行分析,提出了防止轧辊早期剥落破坏以延长其使用寿命的方法。     

宽带钢热轧机轧辊剥落的控制与效果

轧辊剥落不仅影响轧机的正常生产,而且造成轧辊损坏甚至早期报废。在揭示了轧辊剥落机理的基础上,结合生产实际,采用三维有限元分析,在１７００ｍ ｍ 轧机上采取支持辊新辊形等措施,消除轧辊剥落,实践证明效果显著。     

Thermo-hydro-chemical couplings considered in safety assessment of shallow tunnels subjected to fire load

Fire loading of concrete tunnel linings is characterized by various physical, chemical, and mechanical processes, resulting in spalling of near-surface concrete layers and degradation of strength and stiffness of the remaining tunnel lining. In this paper, the governing transport processes taking place in concrete at elevated temperatures are considered within a recently published fire-safety assessment tool [Savov K, Lackner R, Mang HA. Stability assessment of shallow tunnels subjected to fire load. Fire Safety J 2005; 40: 745–763] for underground structures. In contrast to consideration of heat transport only [Savov et al.], a coupled thermo-hydro-chemical analysis, simulating the heat and mass transport in concrete under fire loading, is performed, giving access to more realistic temperature distributions as well as gas-pressure distributions within the tunnel lining. These data serve as input for the structural safety assessment tool considering, in addition to the temperature dependence of mechanical properties, the effect of the gas pressure on the strength properties of the heated lining concrete. The combination of the two analysis tools (coupled analysis of governing transport processes and structural safety assessment) is illustrated by the fire-safety assessment of a cross-section of the Lainzer tunnel (Austria) characterized by low overburden (shallow tunnel).     

Surface Preparation of Aluminum Nitride for Metallization: Effect of Temperature on Surface Reactivity

The current aqueous cleaning step in the surface preparation of aluminum nitride (AlN) prior to metallization causes performance and reliability issues for the substrates used for microelectronic packaging due to surface reactions. These issues limit the use of AlN and its replacing of BeO, an environmentally hazardous material currently used. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effects of different solutions on the surface of AlN substrates under varying conditions at times up to 2419.2 ks (28 days). Concentration of the solutions, temperature, and immersion time were varied for the AlN samples in the solutions. Both elevated temperatures (50°C and 90°C) and low temperatures (5°C) were investigated.

Four general types of behavior were observed: minor changes in average surface roughness and microstructure, linear change in average surface roughness and pitted grains, nonlinear change in average surface roughness and product formation on AlN surface, and miscellaneous change in average surface roughness with surface product formation.

The surface roughening kinetics were very complex due to changes in both the reaction product morphology and reaction mechanism with temperature, solvent, and pH for a specific solvent. Minor changes in average surface roughness and microstructure were observed for HCl pH = 5, H₂ SO₄ pH = 5, NaOH pH = 8, NaOH pH = 10, NaOH pH = 12, deionized water and Alfred tap water at 5°C, HCl pH = 3 and oleic acid at 50°C and citric acid and oleic acid at 90°C. Linear changes in average surface roughness and pitted grains were observed for HCl pH = 2 and H₂SO₄ pH = 3 at 50°C and HCl pH = 2, H₂SO₄ pH = 3, and deionized water at 90°C. Non-linear change in average surface roughness and product formation on AlN surface was observed for HCl pH = 5, NaOH pH = 8 and Alfred tap water at 50°C and HCl pH = 5 and H₂SO₄ pH = 2 at 90°C. Miscellaneous changes in average surface roughness with surface product formation were observed for H₂SO₄ pH = 2, H₂SO₄ pH = 5, NaOH pH = 10, NaOH pH = 12, citric acid, Micro-90 and deionized water at 50°C and HCl pH = 3, H₂SO₄ pH = 5, NaOH pH = 8, NaOH pH = 10, NaOH pH = 12, Micro-90 and Alfred tap water at 90°C.     

接触爆炸作用下钢板层裂效应数值分析

基于AutoDyn对接触爆炸荷载作用下钢板的层裂过程进行数值模拟,并对照试验进行分析,探讨了应力波在钢板中的传播过程和特点,剖析了钢板的层裂机理,指出钢板的层裂破坏是钢材在拉伸波作用下的一个损伤累积和能量累积过程。计算表明,装药的高度、钢板的厚度与材质是影响接触爆炸作用下钢板层裂发生、发展及其破坏效应的核心因素。试验和计算结论为钢板在某防护结构中的应用提供了技术参考。     

4Cr14Ni14W2Mo钢排气阀离子氮化和离子软氮化渗层的分析和探讨

研究了经不同加热温度鍛造、固溶和750℃时效后钢的晶粒度、孪晶、滑移及碳化物的分布;用光镜、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射仪、俄歇谱仪对钢的基体组织、渗层组织、剥落形貌、应力状态及渗层C、N分布分析表;合适的固溶处理是可以消除过热锻造危害的;离子软氮化中,碳并没有渗入;适当降低炉气中氮含量和辉光电流密度及适当提高氮化温度是消除氮化产生剥落的途径之一。     

Neueste Entwicklungen beim baulichen Brandschutz von Straßentunneln

In der jüngeren Vergangenheit hat sich gezeigt, dass Straßen tunnel durch größere Brände in erheblichem Umfang geschädigt werden können. In der Folge wurden verschiedene internationale Forschungsprojekte durchgeführt, um den baulichen Brandschutz von Straßentunneln weiterzuentwickeln. Aufbauend auf den internationalen Forschungsprojekten wurden vom BMVBS und der BASt drei nationale Forschungsprojekte zum baulichen Brandschutz von Straßentunneln initiiert. In diesen Projekten wurden vorhandene Temperatur‐Zeit‐Verläufe (sog. “Brandkurven”) für Straßentunnel, Brandver suche in Tunneln und reale Brände in Straßentunneln im Hinblick auf eine mögliche Anwendung zur Bemessung des baulichen Brandschutzes von Straßentunneln analysiert. Außerdem wurden die Temperatureindringung in die Tunnelinnenschale und die Tragfähigkeit von üblichen Tunnelquerschnitten infolge Brandeinwirkung numerisch ermittelt. Schließlich wurde anhand von Brandversuchen an großmaßstäblichen Probekörpern die Wirkung von PP‐Faserbeton auf das Abplatzverhalten von Innenschalenbeton untersucht. Über das Vorgehen und die Ergebnisse dieser Forschungsprojekte wird im Folgenden berichtet. Latest developments for structural fire protection of road tunnels. In the recent past it was shown that road tunnels can be damaged severely by large fires. For that reason several international research projects were carried out for further development of structural fire protection of road tunnels. Based on international research projects three national research projects were initiated by the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS) and the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt). In the course of these projects existing temperature‐time‐progressions (so called ”fire curves”) for road tunnels, fire tests in tunnels and real fires in road tunnels were analyzed with regard to a possible application for the design of structural fire protection of road tunnels. Furthermore the temperature penetration in the tunnel lining and the load bearing capacity of usual tunnel sections were numerically examined under fire influence. Finally the influence of fiber‐modified concrete on the effect of explosive spalling was investigated by means of large scale fire tests on specimens made of concrete for tunnel lining. In the following procedures and results of the national research projects are described.