Microbiological safety of kinema, a fermented soya bean food

Kinema is a fermented soya bean food of Nepal and the hilly regions of North-eastern States of India. Generally, the fermentation is dominated by Bacillus spp. that often cause alkalinity and desirable stickiness in the product. The present study was undertaken in a limited number of commercial (market) kinema samples to test for the presence of foodborne pathogens and their properties. Bacillus cereus was present in numbers exceeding 10⁴ cfu/g product in five of the tested 15 market samples. Enterobacteriaceae and coliform bacteria exceeded 10⁵ cfu/g in 10 of the 15 samples. Escherichia coli exceeding 10⁵ cfu/g was found in two samples. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in any of the tested samples. Of 31 isolated typical and atypical strains of B. cereus, 18 representative strains were tested qualitatively for the ability to produce diarrhoeal type enterotoxin (BCET) using an Oxoid BCET-RPLA test kit. Overall, BCET was formed by 12 strains in BHIG (brain heart infusion broth +1% glucose), by seven strains on sterilized cooked rice, and by five strains on sterilized cooked soya beans. Semi-quantitative tests on BCET revealed that levels exceeding 256 ng/g soya beans, produced by single pure culture inoculation with the isolated B. cereus strains, were reduced to ≤ 8 ng/g by frying kinema in oil, a common procedure when making kinema curry. It was also shown in a mixed pure culture experiment that a kinema strain B. Subtilis DK-W1, is able to suppress growth and BCET formation by a selected toxin producing strain (BC7-5) of B. cereus. It is concluded that the traditional way of making kinema and its culinary use in curries is safe. However, for novel applications of kinema, safety precautions are advisable.     

Investigation of the Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Activity of (+)-Tanikolide- and (+)-Malyngolide-Based Analogues Prepared by Asymmetric Synthesis

Herein, we report antibacterial and antifungal evaluation of a series of previously prepared (+)-tanikolide analogues. One analogue, (4S,6S)-4-methyltanikolide, displayed promising anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity with a MIC of 12.5 µg/mL. Based on the antimicrobial properties of the structurally related (−)-malyngolide, two further analogues (4S,6S)-4-methylmalyngolide and (4R,6S)-4-methylmalyngolide bearing a shortened n-nonyl alkyl side chain were prepared in the present study using a ZrCl₄-catalysed deprotection/cyclisation as the key step in their asymmetric synthesis. When these were tested for activity against anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the MIC increased to 50 µg/mL.     

液体消毒洗涤剂的研制

研制了具有消毒杀菌、洗涤去污双重功效的液体消毒洗涤剂 ,测定了其对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭效果。结果表明 ,消毒洗涤剂的杀菌效果随其浓度的增加 ,作用时间的延长而提高 ;戊二醛浓度为 2 0 0× 10 -6时 ,与金黄色葡萄球菌作用 5min ,杀灭率可达 99.99%。将消毒洗涤剂在室温下放置半年 ,戊二醛分解率为 17.3 1%     

Staphylococcus aureus Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis with Dominant IgA Deposition

Since 1995, when we reported the case of a patient with glomerulonephritis with IgA deposition that occurred after a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, many reports of MRSA infection-associated glomerulonephritis have accumulated. This disease is being systematized as Staphylococcus infection-associated glomerulonephritis (SAGN) in light of the apparent cause of infection, and as immunoglobulin A-dominant deposition infection-related glomerulonephritis (IgA-IRGN) in light of its histopathology. This glomerulonephritis usually presents as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis or acute kidney injury with various degrees of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria along with an ongoing infection. Its renal pathology has shown several types of mesangial and/or endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with various degrees of crescent formation and tubulointerstitial nephritis. IgA, IgG, and C₃ staining in the mesangium and along the glomerular capillary walls have been observed on immunofluorescence examinations. A marked activation of T cells, an increase in specific variable regions of the T-cell receptor β-chain-positive cells, hypercytokinemia, and increased polyclonal immune complexes have also been observed in this glomerulonephritis. In the development of this disease, staphylococcal enterotoxin may be involved as a superantigen, but further investigations are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying this disease. Here, we review 336 cases of IgA-IRGN and 218 cases of SAGN.     

不同制备条件对SpA分子印迹聚合微球聚合效果的影响

本文用金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白A(SpA)作为模板,以丙烯酰胺为功能单体,利用反相悬浮聚合法合成了SpA分子印迹聚合微球.通过扫描电镜观测不同条件下聚合微球的聚合效果,研究不同制备条件对SpA分子印迹聚合微球聚合效果的影响,从而筛选制备聚合微球最佳工艺;并检测了制备的分子印迹聚合物对SpA的吸附性能.结果表明,反相悬浮聚合法合成SpA分子印迹微球的最佳工艺条件为:分散剂乙基纤维素(EC)加入量0.20 g/100 mL(甲苯);甲苯与水的比例10:3;交联度10%;引发剂加入方式为缓慢滴加;反应温度50℃.反相悬浮聚合法制备的SpA分子印迹聚合微球对SpA的吸附量:6.956×10-3μmol/g.     

2009-2018年广州市即食食品中金黄色葡萄球菌污染情况和菌型特征

目的 分析2009-2018年广州市零售即食食品中金黄色葡萄球菌污染情况,以及菌株肠毒素基因、耐药表型特征.方法 从广州市辖11个区的农贸市场、超市随机购买零售即食食品,增菌后分离金黄色葡萄球菌.对所有菌株进行多位点序列分型(MLST)、抗生素敏感性试验,并检测24种肠毒素基因.对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)进...     

源自螺旋藻渣枯草芽孢杆菌发酵抗菌肽SP-AP-1和伊枯草菌素对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌机制对比研究

目的:研究枯草芽孢杆菌发酵螺旋藻渣的发酵液中分离出的抗菌肽SP-AP-1和伊枯草菌素对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机理.方法:采用紫外分光光度法、邻硝基苯-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷法和原子吸收光谱法研究抗菌肽对金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜通透性的影响;采用考马斯亮蓝法、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和琼脂糖凝胶电泳考察抗菌肽对金黄色葡...     

Bioconjugated Thymol-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite as a Selective and Biocompatible Antibacterial Agent against Staphylococcus Species

Owing to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among Staphylococcus species, effective and low-risk alternatives to antibiotics are being actively searched. Thymol (THO), the most abundant component of the oil extracted from thyme, can be considered as a natural antibacterial alternative. However, the low antibacterial activity and non-selectivity of THO limit its usage as a universal anti-Staphylococcus agent. Herein, we report the bioconjugation of THO with ZnO nanoparticle (ZO), which resulted in the TZ nanocomposite (NC), as a potent and selective antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus species, particularly S. epidermidis. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) of ATCC 25923 cultures was employed for the production of TZ NC. Successful production of TZ NC was confirmed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) studies. TZ NC had selective efficacy against Staphylococcus species, with MIC values 2–32-fold lower than THO. The antibacterial mechanisms of TZ NC are proposed to involve membrane rupture, suppression of biofilm formation, and modulation of new cell wall and protein-synthesis-associated cellular pathways. Its biocompatibility against HCT116 cells was also checked. Our findings suggest that the TZ nanocomposite could improve the selectivity and bactericidal activity of THO against target species.     

金黄色葡萄球菌ST398-t571型在陕西生猪屠宰场的流行传播及其耐药性分析

目的 调查陕西省某生猪屠宰场ST398-t571型金黄色葡萄球菌的流行情况及耐药性。方法 本研究对陕西省某生猪屠宰链及屠宰场内部环境共采集485份样品。使用常规检测方法和分子生物学技术对金黄色葡萄球菌进行分离鉴定,然后对分离株进行分子分型鉴定和对15种抗菌药物进行耐药性试验;并对其进行26种毒力基因和13种耐药基因的检测。结果 样品中共分离出62株金黄色葡萄球菌,总分离率为12.8%;其中ST398-t571型分离株为优势克隆型,占90.3%(56/62)。耐药试验结果显示,所有受试菌株均对苯唑西林、阿米卡星、万古霉素和头孢噻肟敏感,对其余的抗菌药物表现出不同程度的耐药性。26种毒力基因中11种毒力基因(seb、seg、sei、sek、sen、seq、lukD、lukE、lukF-PV、lukS-PV、sasG)被检出。13种被检耐药基因除万古霉素耐药基因vanA基因外均有检出。结论 屠宰场生猪屠宰链普遍存在以ST398-t571型为主的金黄色葡萄球菌污染,不同批次分离株基因携带情况存在一定差异且菌株存在较为严重的耐药性。     

Evaluation of the Effects of Ag,Cu, ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Expression Level of Oxidative Stress-Related Genes and the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Escherichia coli,Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

Although the molecular response of bacteria exposed to metal nanoparticles (NPs) is intensively studied, many phenomena related to their survival, metal uptake, gene expression and protein production are not fully understood. Therefore, this work aimed to study Ag-NPs, Cu-NPs, ZnO-NPs and TiO₂-NPs-induced alterations in the expression level of selected oxidative stress-related genes in connection with the activity of antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PER) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The methodology used included: the extraction of total RNA and cDNA synthesis, the preparation of primers for selected housekeeping and oxidative stress genes, RT-qPCR reaction and the measurements of CAT, PER and SOD activities. It was established that the treatment of E. coli and S. epidermidis with NPs resulted mainly in the down-regulation of targeted genes, whilst the up-regulation of genes was confirmed in B. cereus. The greatest differences in the relative expression levels of tested genes occurred in B. cereus and S. epidermidis treated with TiO₂-NPs, while in E. coli, they were observed under ZnO-NPs exposure. The changes found were mostly related to the expression of genes encoding proteins with PER and CAT-like activity. Among NPs, ZnO-NPs and Cu-NPs increased the activity of antioxidants in E. coli and B. cereus. In turn, TiO₂-NPs had a major effect on enzymes activity in S. epidermidis. Considering all of the collected results for tested bacteria, it can be emphasised that the impact of NPs on the antioxidant system functioning was dependent on their type and concentration.