Sesamin modulation of lipid class and fatty acid profile in early juvenile teleost, Lates calcarifer, fed different dietary oils

Sesamin, a major sesame seed lignan, has diverse biological functions including the modulation of molecular actions in lipid metabolic pathways and reducing cholesterol levels. Vertebrates have different capacities to biosynthesize long-chain PUFA from dietary precursors and sesamin can enhance the biosynthesis of ALA to EPA and DHA in marine teleost. Early juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer, were fed for two weeks on diets rich in ALA or SDA derived from linseed or Echium plantagineum, respectively. Both diets contained phytosterols and less cholesterol compared with a standard fish oil-based diet. The growth rates were reduced in the animals receiving sesamin regardless of the dietary oil. However, the relative levels of n-3 LC-PUFA in total lipid, but not the phospholipid, increased in the whole body by up to 25% in animals fed on sesamin with ALA or SDA. Sesamin reduced the relative levels of triacylglycerols and increased polar lipid, and did not affect the relative composition of phospholipid subclasses or sterols. Sesamin is a potent modulator for LC-PUFA biosynthesis in animals, but probably will have more effective impact at advanced ages. By modulating certain lipid metabolic pathways, sesamin has probably disrupted the body growth and development of organs and tissues in early juvenile barramundi.     

Comparison of sterol composition between Tuber fermentation mycelia and natural fruiting bodies

Truffle, belonging to Tuber genera, is a nutritious and sterol-rich edible fungus, and sterol is a potential health beneficial compound. A comparison of Tuber sterol composition indicates that the total sterol contents in the fermentation mycelia (i.e., 10.5 mg g⁻¹) (n = 3) were approximately 3.2-5.6 times higher than that of the fruiting bodies (p < 0.05) with the addition of soybean flour into the basal fermentation media. Moreover, the phytosterol profile of fermentation mycelia could be significantly improved by adding soybean flour into the fermentation media. After the addition of soybean flour, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol appeared in the fermentation mycelia and the contents of total phytosterols (2279 μg g⁻¹) (n = 3), brassicasterol (943 μg g⁻¹) (n = 3), and campesterol (418 μg g⁻¹) (n = 3) were all increased significantly (p < 0.05). Moreover, the total contents of sterols and phytosterols in the fermentation mycelia cultured in the soybean media were much higher than those in the fruiting bodies (i.e., 1883-3240 and 479-1832 μg g⁻¹, respectively) (n = 3, p < 0.05). This work confirms the potentiality of Tuber fermentation mycelia as the alternative resource for its fruiting bodies from the viewpoint of sterols production.     

The Sterol and Erythrodiol + Uvaol Content of Virgin Olive Oils Produced in Five Olive-Growing Zones of Extremadura (Spain)

The content of sterols and erythrodiol + uvaol was studied in 273 virgin olive oil samples from 40 mills in five olive‐growing zones of Extremadura (Spain). An analysis of variance showed significant differences at a confidence level of 95 % between the different zones in each of the main sterols and in the sum of erythrodiol + uvaol. The results of a linear discriminant analysis, considering the different olive‐growing areas as categorical dependent variables and the different sterols as independent variables, explained 78.2 % of the variance with the first two discriminant functions. The resulting model correctly classified 86.9 % of the samples analysed. A validation study was conducted to verify the goodness of the discriminant analysis, resulting in 79.3 % of the new samples used for validation being correctly classified. In the graphical representation of the different groups studied considering the proposed model's first two discriminant functions, the centroids of the Sierra Norte de Cáceres, Vegas del Guadiana and Tierra de Barros olive‐growing zones were clearly separated, but this was not the case for the other two zones—La Serena and La Siberia.     

Chemical Composition of Seed Oils Recovered from Different Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Cultivars

Lipophilic bioactive compounds in oils recovered from the seeds of eight pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars were studied. Oil yield in pear seeds ranged between 16.3 and 31.5 % (w/w) dw. The main fatty acids were palmitic acid (6.13–8.52 %), oleic acid (27.39–38.17 %) and linoleic acid (50.73–63.78 %), all three representing 96–99 % of the total detected fatty acids. The range of total tocochromanols was between 120.5 and 216.1 mg/100 g of oil. Independent of the cultivar, the γ‐tocopherol was the main tocochromanol and constituted approximately 88 %. The contents of the carotenoids and squalene were between 0.69–2.99 and 25.5–40.8 mg/100 g of oil, respectively. The β‐sitosterol constituted 83.4–87.6 % of total sterols contents, which ranged between 276.4 and 600.1 mg/100 g of oil. Three significant correlations were found between oil yield and total contents of sterols (r = ?0.893), tocochromanols (r = ?0.955) and carotenoids (r = ?0.685) in pear seed oils.     

Logit modeling for classification of monocultivar olive oils from southwest Spain: A preliminary study

A characterization study of the main olive oil cultivars of southwest Spain (Picual, Arbequina, and Verdial) has been performed in order to establish logistic regression models. Several quality characteristics (free acidity, peroxide value, K₂₃₂, K₂₇₀, oxidative stability index) and chemical data (fatty acids, sterols, erythrodiol–uvaol composition) were measured. Logit regressions were used to evaluate the correlation of the parameters and to create models that allow saving costs on identifying oils as Arbequina, Picual, or Verdial type. Multiple logit regression models were developed: one for Arbequina, three models for Picual, and two models for Verdial cultivar, allowing in this way to minimize the cost for classifying oil samples. Practical application: The olive oil marketing is increasingly focused on the chemical differentiation and characterization of the product because the chemical composition of these virgin oils is responsible for their valuable sensory and nutritional properties. Here we present a characterization study (quality characteristics and chemical data) from the main olive oil cultivars of southwest Spain, Picual, Arbequina, and Verdial, as a first step for the traceability of these three types of monocultivar virgin olive oils. The results may be used as a training to create models for other olive oil cultivars.     

Inhibition of Fatty Acid Synthase by Orlistat Accelerates Gastric Tumor Cell Apoptosis in Culture and Increases Survival Rates in Gastric Tumor Bearing Mice In Vivo

Orlistat, an anti-obesity drug, is a potent inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and tumor cell viability. It can also induce apoptotic cancer cell death. We examined the effects of Orlistat on cultured NUGC-3 gastric cancer cells. We identified that inhibition of FAS via Orlistat exposure results in rapid cellular damage preceded by a direct but short-lived autophagic response. The Orlistat induced damage can be reversed through the addition of lipid containing media in a process that normally leads to cell death. By limiting exogenous lipid availability and inhibiting FAS using Orlistat, we demonstrated both a greater sensitivity and amplified cancer cell death by activation of apoptosis. We have identified “windows of opportunity” at which time apoptosis can be aborted and cells can be reversed from the death pathway. However, when challenged beyond the window of recovery, cell death becomes all but certain as the ability to be rescued decreases considerably. In vivo examination of Orlistat’s ability to inhibit gastrointestinal cancer was examined using heterozygous male C57BL/6J APC-Min mice, which spontaneously develop a fatal gastrointestinal cancer. Mice were fed either a high fat (11%) or low fat (1.2%) diet containing no Orlistat or 0.5 mg Orlistat/g of chow. Orlistat treated mice fed the high fat, but not low fat diet, survived 7–10% longer than the untreated controls.     

VE在油脂加工和大豆储存过程中的变化分析及分离分析

探讨了大豆油在加工过程中和大豆储存过程中ＶＥ的变化规律及分离和分析方法。研究表明：油在精炼过程中在适当范围内随温度，真空度和蒸汽压力的增高，其油和脱臭物中的ＶＥ也随之变化。大豆中ＶＥ含量随储存条件和时间的不同而变化。ＶＥ的分离和分析方法。该研究还提供了如何改进油和脂肪酸的质量     

Quantitative determination of sterols and other alcohols in overland flow from grazing land and possible source materials

Organic marker compounds (biomarkers) can be used to identify the sources of waterborne pollutants. This paper examines sterols and other alcohols in overland flow from pasture-based grazing systems, possible agricultural source materials and water extracts of these source materials as a preliminary step to developing chemical profiles that can be used for tracing pollutants. The biomarkers were quantified using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. Analyses of plant material show that some pasture species contain unique compounds, enabling their identification. For example, Arctotheca calendula (capeweed) contains an as yet unidentified compound (Arctotheca m/z 163). Other pasture species that do not contain unique compounds do contain unique ratios of phytol, hexacosanol, octacosanol and 24-ethylcholesterol, enabling their identification. Analyses of faecal samples show that the ratios of sterols to stanols enable faeces to be distinguished from the pasture species, e.g. the ratio of 24-ethylcholesterol to 24-ethylcoprostanol was <1, generally <0.25 for faeces, while for most pasture species this ratio was >4. Using this ratio, qualitative apportioning of the sources of pollutants in overland flow to vegetation or faeces could be performed, but only in extreme cases (i.e. when the ratio <1 or >4). Decaying organic matter and surface soil appear to contain a composite of plant and faecal sterols. Sterols, being sparingly soluble in water and surface active, were not expected to be present in overland flow samples. Surprisingly, cholesterol and 24-ethylcoprostanol were found in both the particulate and filtrate fractions of most overland flow and water extracts of most source materials. Using the ratios of sterols to stanols, particulate organic material in water could be traced back to its broader source, i.e. vegetation or faeces.     

Lipids and phytosterol oxidation products in commercial potato crisps commonly consumed in Sweden

The stability of frying oils and fried foods is mainly affected by the fatty acids present and by the types and levels of minor components such as phytosterols and tocopherols. This study assessed the current status of lipid composition and the occurrence of oxidised phytosterols as a parameter of lipid oxidation in potato crisps available in the Swedish market. Fatty acid composition and concentrations of tocopherols, sterols and phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) were determined in 16 commercial potato crisp samples of two types, distinguished by a high or low fat content. The fatty acid composition in most samples was dominated by saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. The sum of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol content varied from undetectable levels to 10.2 mg/100 g potato crisps, with α-tocopherol dominating. Among the tocotrienols, α-tocotrienol and γ-tocotrienol were present in almost equal proportions, while δ-tocotrienol was present in all samples but in smaller amounts. Fatty acid composition, tocopherol and tocotrienol content, showed that all potato crisp samples were prepared in palm oil or a blend of palm oil and unspecified fats and oils. Total sterol content ranged from 10.2 to 93.1 mg/100 g sample, with β-sitosterol being the major sterol in all samples. The content of POPs ranged from 0.05 to 0.68 mg/100 g potato crisps. In general, there were no significant differences in content of POPs between high and low fat samples, and generally no correlations could be established between content of POPs and fatty acid, tocopherol, tocotrienol, and sterol content among the potato crisp samples.