Bi12TiO20 synthesized directly from bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate and titanium glycolate and its activity

Pure phase of sillenite structure, Bi₁₂TiO₂₀, was directly synthesized using stoichiometric bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate and titanium glycolate by co-precipitation. The influence of pH on the structure of Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ was studied in the pH range of 3–10. The sillenite structure was characterized using XRD and FTIR. The photo-degradation reaction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was used to study photocatalytic activity of Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ as a function of the preparation pH. The rate of decomposition was followed by UV-vis and TOC. The beginning concentration of 4-NP, 44 ppm, decreased to less than 1 ppm within 30 min for all prepared catalysts. It was found that the decomposition rate constant of Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ is six times higher than those of either TiO₂ or Bi₂O₃ under the same conditions.     

Formulation strategy towards minimizing viscosity mediated negative food effect on disintegration and dissolution of immediate release tablets

Food induced viscosity can delay disintegration and subsequent release of API from solid dosage form which may lead to severe reduction in the bioavailability of BCS type III compounds. Formulations of such tablets need to be optimized in view of this postprandial viscosity factor. In this study, three super disintegrants, croscarmellose sodium (CCS), cross-linked polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (CPD), and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) were assessed for their efficiency under simulated fed state. Tablets containing these disintegrants were compressed at 10 and 30?KN, while taking lactose as a soluble filler. In addition to other compendial tests, disintegration force of these formulations was measured by texture analysis. Comparison of parameters derived from force – time curves revealed a direct relation of maximum disintegration force (F_max) and disintegration force development rate (DFDR) with compressional force in fasted state, whereas an inverse relationship of F_max and DFDR with compressional force was observed in fed state. The gelling tendency of disintegrants influenced the rate of release of API in simulated fed and fasted states when compressional force was changed. These observations recommend the evaluation of formulations in simulated fed state, in the development stage, with an objective of minimizing the negative impact of food induced viscosity on disintegration. Use of disintegrants that act without gelling or can counteract the effect of gelling is recommended for tablet formulations with reduced disintegration time (DT) and mean dissolution time (MDT) in fed state, respectively.     

A comparison of chitosan-silica and sodium starch glycolate as disintegrants for spheronized extruded microcrystalline cellulose pellets

Chitosan-silica coprecipitate (C-S) has recently been proposed as a tablet disintegrant. In this study we compared it with a 1:1 physical mixture of chitosan and silica (C/S) at the same composition as the coprecipitate, and with the widely used commercial disintegrant sodium starch glycolate (SSG), as regards to its behavior in spheronized extruded pellets of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) containing hydrochlorothiazide as a typical poorly water-soluble drug. In all three cases, possible synergism between the disintegrant (0–5%) and sorbitol (0–50%) was also evaluated. All the formulations examined exhibited appropriate morphology and had satisfactory mechanical and flow properties. Drug release depended mainly on sorbitol content, however C-S accelerated drug release at all sorbitol levels (the fastest release was from 50% sorbitol pellets with C-S, which disintegrated), whereas C/S did not vary drug release from pellets, and SSG depressed drug release, especially from 50% sorbitol pellets.     

聚酯催化剂乙二醇锑的合成及光谱分析

以过量的乙二醇与三氧化二锑进行脱水水反应,用甲苯带水剂将生成的水带出,再进行真空减压除水合成了聚酯催化剂乙二醇锑,并研究了反应物摩尔配比、反应温度对产品收率的影响。采用了元素分析、FT-IR,^1HMR,^13NMR等分析手段表征了目标化合物的分子结构,并对化合物红外光谱及核磁共振谱带进行了归属分析。     

醇化合物法合成钙磷酸盐

用乙二醇钙和Ｐ２Ｏ５的ｎ－丁醇溶液为先驱体,用较为简便的方法分别合成出β－Ｃａ２Ｐ２Ｏ７、β－磷酸三钙和羟基磷灰石。研究结果表明：醋酸的引入可以有产控制先驱体间反应,避免两先驱体直接混合时沉淀的产生。当醋酸与下的摩尔比（ＨＯＡＣ／Ｃａ）为４时,两先驱体分别以Ｃａ／Ｐ比为１．００,１．５０和１．６７混合,均可以获得稳定混合溶液。将混合溶液蒸发溶剂后得到的干胶状粉末在１０００℃煅烧,对应不同的Ｃａ／Ｐ     

Powder compaction properties of sodium starch glycolate disintegrants

The compaction behavior of three “as supplied” commercially available grades of sodium starch glycolate (SSG), Explotab, Primojel, and Vivastar P, was investigated at compression speeds of 0.17 and 30 mm/sec. The results suggested that the three “as supplied” materials exhibit different compression and compaction behavior. Primojel and Explotab exhibited similar compactibility, whereas Vivastar P produced compacts of poor integrity. This behavior was not mirrored in the compressibility of the powders, where Vivastar P and Explotab exhibited similar performance. The materials were studied using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Carr's compressibility index, and swelling volume. In terms of material characteristics, all the products exhibited similar swelling in water. Primojel and Explotab retained most of the crystallographic order from the parent potato starch and exhibited comparable particle surface topographies. Vivastar P contained the lowest moisture level. However, it is not clear if the poor compactibility of Vivastar P is due to differences in moisture content, the reduced surface topography, or subtle differences in the SSG polymer structures (substitution, cross-linking, and crystallinity). Overall, even though the three commercial grades of sodium starch glycolate are successfully used as disintegrants, they do exhibit differences in their “as supplied” powder mechanical properties: Primojel and Explotab exhibit similar compactibility, whereas Vivastar P is poorly compactable but exhibits similar compressibility to Explotab. These observations may have implications when formulating poorly compactable or moisture-sensitive drugs.     

Determination of the Impact of Glycolate on Cs,Sr, and Actinide Separations in High-Level Waste

The Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF), responsible for vitrifying high-level waste (HLW) at the Savannah River Site (SRS), is planning to introduce glycolic acid as a reductant during chemical conditioning of the waste prior to vitrification. A portion of this glycolic acid may be recycled back to the tank farm as sodium glycolate. Since glycolate can serve as a complexing agent for a variety of metallic ions, recent studies were performed to examine the effect of glycolate on the removal of Sr and actinides by monosodium titanate (MST) and modified MST (mMST) and the separation of Cs by the caustic-side solvent extraction (CSSX) process.     

草酸二甲酯加氢制乙醇酸甲酯反应网络分析及其多相加氢催化剂研究进展

乙醇酸甲酯（MG）官能团丰富,是一种重要的精细化工中间体,而且经过缩聚反应可制得新一代可生物降解材料聚乙醇酸。采用合成气经草酸二甲酯（DMO）加氢路线可实现MG的规模化制备,而该技术工业化的关键是高性能加氢催化剂的开发,当前DMO加氢制MG催化剂正处于工业化前期阶段。本文分析了DMO加氢反应网络及各特征反应的热力学特点,重点概述了DMO多相加氢制MG催化剂的研究进展,包括铜基催化剂、银基催化剂、非铜/银基催化剂等,基于网络特点分析了各催化剂的研究重点及存在的难题,并从反应工艺控制、催化剂载体设计、助剂及活性组分选择等角度提出了改善工业化催化剂开发及性能的思路,建议近期将改性复合载体负载的铜基催化剂,或以银、镍等为第二助剂的复合铜基催化剂作为重点攻关方向,远期将新型非贵金属体系作为储备方向,期望能为开发我国自主知识产权的工业化催化剂提供有益参考。     

甲酸甲酯与三聚甲醛偶联合成乙醇酸甲酯 Ⅱ.硫酸/金属羰基化合物对收率的影响

研究了硫酸／金属羰基化合物对甲酸甲酯与三聚甲醛偶联合成乙醇酸甲酯反应的催化作用，结果乙醇酸甲酯和甲氧基乙酸甲酯的收率均有提高；用甲醇分解偶联反应母液，进一步提高了产品收率，优选出较佳的配比，用１０ｍｌ硫酸、３．１２ｇＡｇ２ＳＯ４（Ｉ）所形成的硫酸／金属羰基化合物作催化剂，与４５ｍｌ甲酸甲酯和１２ｇ三聚甲醛进行偶联反应，在甲醇分解偶联反应母液后，得到乙醇酸甲酯和甲氧基乙酸甲酯的摩收率分别为５９．８２％和３４．３９％，超过国外研究结果。     

强酸性树脂催化制备乙醇酸甲酯

以强酸性离子交换树脂为催化剂,进行了乙醇酸酯化制备乙醇酸甲酯的试验研究,考察反应温度、醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量及是否搅拌等因素对乙醇酸转化率与反应速率的影响。结果表明,在反应温度100℃、醇酸物质的量比8∶1、催化剂用量为乙醇酸质量的5%和搅拌的条件下,乙醇酸转化率达93%以上。