新型海洋涂料技术

本文综述了符合时代要求的海洋涂料新技术及其发展趋势。     

Accelerator Analysis of Tributyltin Adsorbed onto the Surface of a Tributyltin Resistant Marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. Cell

Tributyltin (TBT) released into seawater from ship hulls is a stable marine pollutant and obviously remains in marine environments. We isolated a TBT resistant marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. TBT1 from sediment of a ship’s ballast water. The isolate (10^{9.3 ± 0.2} colony-forming units mL⁻¹) adsorbed TBT in proportion to the concentrations of TBTCl externally added up to 3 mM, where the number of TBT adsorbed by a single cell was estimated to be 10^8.2. The value was reduced to about one-fifth when the lysozyme-treated cells were used. The surface of ethanol treated cells became rough, but the capacity of TBT adsorption was the same as that for native cells. These results indicate that the function of the cell surface, rather than that structure, plays an important role to the adsorption of TBT. The adsorption state of TBT seems to be multi-layer when the number of more than 10^6.8 TBT molecules is adsorbed by a single cell.     

聚多巴胺-聚乙烯亚胺改性反渗透膜制备与表征

饮用水短缺和水污染问题严重影响着人类和社会的发展。反渗透技术提供了一种高效经济的方法来生产纯水和处理废水,以缓解这个问题。但是,反渗透膜的污染尤其是生物污染严重制约着其高效应用。膜表面改性技术是提升膜抗污染性能的最常用手段,通过多巴胺盐酸盐(DA)在聚酰胺反渗透膜表面自聚,生成超薄聚多巴胺涂层(PDA),进一步利用PDA涂层上的活性基团将聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)接枝到反渗透膜表面,得到稳定持久的PDA-PEI改性反渗透膜。通过对改性膜的XPS测试,亲水性和抗菌性试验,得到以下结论:PDA成功涂层于反渗透膜表面,且PEI成功接枝于PDA涂层表面;PDA-PEI改性增大了膜表面的亲水性,提升了反渗透膜抗污染的能力,使其具有了一定的抗菌能力。     

碱性水解对ABS超滤膜性能的影响

以ABS为基材N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂、聚乙二醇600为致孔剂,采用浸没沉淀相转化法制备超滤膜,研究碱性条件下水解作用对ABS超滤膜性能的影响.结果表明:经常温碱性水解后,ABS超滤膜的截留率保持不变,但渗透通量提高了22%,膜的耐污染性能也有明显提高;而经50℃碱性水解后,ABS超滤膜的渗透通量和耐污染性大幅提高,但膜的强度变差,截留率显著降低.     

溶蚀型海洋防污涂料制备及其性能

目的 合成具有溶蚀性能的丙烯酸基体树脂,用该树脂制备中期效短期效溶蚀型海洋防污涂料。方法 自由基聚合法合成具有溶蚀性能的丙烯酸基体树脂,用该基体树脂配以市场价格较便宜性价比较高的有机类防污剂代森锌、吡啶硫酮锌、敌草隆等,颜填料,助剂等制备溶蚀型海洋防污涂料。通过实海挂板试验、耐淡水浸泡测试、涂层微观样貌对涂层进行表征。结果 丙烯酸基体树脂聚合物的数均分子量控制在25 000左右较为合适,即聚合反应温度控制在110 ℃,引发剂用量为4份时较为合适。羧酸单体的含量为25%~30%时,基体树脂具有较好的溶蚀性能。制备的溶蚀型防污涂料经24个月实海挂板试验验证,具有优异的防污期效,经过12个月淡水浸泡,涂层不起泡、不脱落。防污涂层表面微观样貌表征,基体树脂的溶蚀性能,防污剂溶出后,涂层表面粗糙度增大,表面留有孔洞。结论 该溶蚀型防污涂料具有优异的防污性能,能够防止海洋附着生物对船底和其他海洋设施的污损,可适用于中小型渔船对短期效海洋污损防护需求。     

新型多功能季铵化抗菌材料的制备与应用

综述了近年来在抗污、超滑/超亲水、可降解、促凝血、促细胞生长等新型多功能季铵化抗菌材料的分子设计和潜在应用方面取得的研究进展,指出在抗菌的同时并具有以上所提及的多种功能是抗菌材料发展的一大趋势。举例说明通过原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）技术,合成的星状聚合物（POSS-g-PDMA）,在季铵化后具有了极高的抗菌活性、相对非血溶性和可降解性。高度季铵化的基于二甲基癸基铵壳聚糖-接枝-聚(乙二醇)甲基丙烯酸酯(DMDC-Q-g-EM)和聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯的抗菌水凝胶兼具抗菌和抗真菌活性、生物相容性和可重复使用性。最后对新型多功能季铵化抗菌材料的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

具有耐污染性的SiO2/聚砜共混膜的研究

我国的水资源日益短缺.为缓解供水不足的紧张局面,可进行污水的深度处理回用.膜分离是一种有效的回用方法,但膜易受污染,导致通量下降.作者采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了耐污染性强的SiO2/聚砜复合膜,并对其进行了性能表征.SEM图像显示该膜具有双皮层不对称结构,膜内均匀分散有SiO2粒子,该粒子既能增强膜的强度,又能提高膜的耐污染能力.以自来水对该膜进行了水通量测试,测试表明所制膜水通量较高,在0.10 MPa下可达250～300L/(m2·h).     

新型船舶防污涂料的研究及其发展动向

随着对海洋环境的日益重视和环保法规的加强,传统的防污涂料将逐步被新型的高效无毒防污涂料替代,新型船舶防污涂料的发展和应用成为必然。本文简要介绍了无锡自抛光船舶防污涂料、低表面能船舶防污涂料、含生物活性物质船舶防污涂料和电解船舶防污涂料的发展现状,并对国内外新型船舶防污涂料的发展动向进行了分析。     

Metal cation removal by P(VC-r-AA) copolymer ultrafiltration membranes

A series of amphiphilic copolymers containing poly(vinyl chloride-r-acrylic acid) (P(VC-r-AA) ) was synthesized and used to prepare membranes via a nonsolvent induced phase separation method. The prepared membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and water contact angle and zeta potential measurements. The copolymer P(VC-r-AA) chains did not dissolved in a coagulation bath, indicating that the AA segments were completely retained within the membrane. Enriching degree of AA segments in surface layer was 2 for copolymer membrane. In addition, the introduction of AA segments made the membrane electronegative and hydrophilic so that the membrane was sensitive to the solution pH. The fouling resistance, adsorption of Cu(II), Cr(III) and Ce(IV) ions and the desorption properties of the membranes were also determined. The copolymer membranes exhibited good antifouling performance with a fouling reversibility of 92%. The membranes also had good adsorption capacities for Cu(II), Cr(III) and Ce(IV) ions. The optimal pH for Cu(II) adsorption was 6 and the copolymer membrane has potential applications for low concentration Cu(II) removal.

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翼型涡流发生器对析晶污垢抑制特性的模拟研究

为研究翼型涡流发生器的结构对析晶污垢沉积的影响,利用数值模拟的方法研究在改变其间距、攻角和翼型的情况下,污垢沉积的变化情况。通过引入抑垢率的计算,来表征涡流发生器的抑垢特性。根据实验得出的光片单位面积污垢沉积量与模拟光片得出结果对比,说明验证模拟方法的可行性。通过模拟研究发现在两种攻角下,间距与抑垢率之间的变化关系相同。当间距为10至60mm时,抑垢率随间距的增加而减小。当间距为60至80mm时,则是反向变化。在相同攻角下,流动方向投影面积与抑垢率之间呈现同相变化。投影面积的影响效果与间距相关。