低碳城市水资源回收中心升级为绿色加气站与加电站评估

本研究考虑2种情境提升原有都市水资源回收中心为绿色加气站,设置"绿色加气站"(含"甲烷供应系统"及"绿色氢供应系统")与"绿色加电站".故变更本水资源处理流程,分2种构想.构想1,将园区周边高浓度有机废水做为本处理厂水来源之一,或采用高低浓度废水分流收集方式,废水处理系统则采用两相式厌氧处理系统,以废水及污泥产制氢气及甲烷气成为气态生质能源.构想2,于现有规划设计增设新型有机污泥处理设施,包含高温好氧消化系统及甲烷化系统,可以直接生产甲烷气.另外,可于场址顶部设计太阳能丛林,产生之电力直接供应园区用电,或将处理出流水电解产生氢气燃料.本研究以污水处理量18 000CMD计算可产生之气体燃料,并换算至现有压缩天然气(CNG)公交车、电动车以及氢能汽车所需气体燃料量进行效益分析,若废水处理流程更改为构想1,每日所产生之氢气可供应250部氢能车使用,同时产生的甲烷气体可供应50部CNG公交车使用,若氢气透过燃料电池发电可供应378车次的电动车充电,但此方案必须导入园区周边的高浓度有机废水,将废水COD浓度提高至5g/L才能有效实行.构想2,在不更动现有的水资源回收处理程序设计下,仅在程序中增加有机污泥能源化系统,每日产制出的甲烷气体可供应20部CNG公交车使用,并降低系统污泥产生量达80%,不仅可达到能源回收的目的亦可降低污泥处置成本.最后若于水资源处理中心建物顶端设置太阳能板丛林,所产生的电力可供应园区使用,或可提供电动车加电站使用,每日可补充22车次的电动车.透过设置放流水电解系统,每日可供应7部氢能车使用;设置太阳能发电及电解系统,不仅可提升水回收比例,更具有展示及美化功能.     

Bark as feedstock for dual fluidized bed gasifiers—Operability,efficiency, and economics

The demand for biofuels and biochemicals is expected to increase in the future, which will in turn increase the demand for biomass feedstock. Large gasification plants fueled with biomass feedstock are likely to be a key enabling technology in a resource‐efficient, bio‐based economy. Furthermore, the costs for producing biofuels and biochemicals in such plants could potentially be decreased by utilizing inexpensive low‐grade residual biomass as feedstock. This study investigates the usage of shredded tree bark as a feedstock for the production of biomethane in the GoBiGas demonstration plant in Gothenburg, Sweden, based on a 32 MW_th industrial dual fluidized bed gasification unit. The plant was operated with bark feedstock for 12 000 hours during the period 2014 to 2018. Data from the measurement campaign were processed using a stochastic approach to establish the plant's mass and energy balances, which were then compared with operation of the plant with wood pellets. For this comparison, an extrapolation algorithm was developed to predict plant performance using bark dried to the same moisture content as wood pellets, ie, 8%_w.b. Plant operation with bark feedstock was evaluated for operability, efficiency, and feedstock‐related cost. The gas quality achieved during the test period was similar to that obtained for operation with wood pellets. Furthermore, no significant ash sintering or agglomeration problems were observed more than 750 hours of operation. The calculated biomass‐to‐biomethane efficiency is 43% to 47% (lower heating value basis) for operation with wet bark. However, the predicted biomass‐to‐biomethane efficiency can be increased to 55%–65% for operation with bark feedstock dried to 8% moisture content, with corresponding feedstock costs in the range of 24.2 to 32.7 EUR/MWh; ie, a cost reduction of about 40% compared with wood pellets.     

以风化煤为底物制取生物甲烷的潜力分析

我国拥有丰富的风化煤储量,因其高度被氧化的独特性质,可应用的领域极为有限,目前主要被作为改善土壤性质的肥料和制取腐殖酸的来源。以风化煤为底物制取生物甲烷是一种具有探索性的全新生物发酵工艺,探究其可行性及模拟实验过程中风化煤的物性特征变化有利于拓宽风化煤的资源利用和环境改善,并可以进一步丰富煤生物产气理论。实验选取内蒙古乌海和山西晋城两地不同风化程度煤样,以煤层矿井水为菌种来源,在适宜环境条件下开展模拟产气实验,通过生物产气模拟和红外光谱测试,分析不同风化程度煤的生物产气能力及其内在因素,以揭示其产气潜力及物性变化特征。结果表明:①随着煤的风化程度加深,可燃基CH 4产气量明显增加,两组煤样中可燃基CH 4生成量最高分别达到7.13,4.20 mL/g;②不同风化程度的煤样均出现了产气高峰,时间基本都出现在15~30 d,各组中随着煤样风化程度不断加深,产气高峰出现时间也越来越早;③随着煤的风化程度加深,煤中芳环被不断打开,大分子结构被破坏,同时煤中羟基、氨基等基团含量趋于降低,脂碳结构逐渐解体,含氧官能团成为主要结构,氧含量比例不断增高,更容易被微生物降解;④菌群鉴定表明风化煤不仅含有大量产生生物气所需的第1阶段和第2阶段细菌,更含有甲烷杆菌属、甲烷球菌属等多种类型的产甲烷菌群,具有把风化煤转化为生物甲烷的环境条件。实验结果最终反映了风化煤具有转化为生物甲烷的潜力,并有利于提高我国风化煤的资源利用率。     

Evaluation of methane production features and kinetics of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd waste under mesophilic conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate and evaluate the biomethane potential (BMP) of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd (BSW) waste in Yunnan, China, when subjected to mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD). Three different categories of plant waste investigated were as follows: the flowers, leaves, and stems. These three portions were assessed for their BMP in a laboratory-scale batch anaerobic digester for a period of 60 days at 30 ± 0.1°C temperature. The results showed that the maximum daily methane yield of B. spectabilia’s flowers, leaves, and stems were 65.95, 56.29, and 18.8 mL/(g﹒VS), respectively. The Gompertz equation presented the best agreement in the fitting progress.     

Optimising the production of energy from coblended food waste and biosolids using batch reactor studies

Energy production from a coblended mixture of biosolids and food waste was optimised for hydrogen and methane production. Four different blends were prepared by varying the carbohydrate : protein (carb : pro) ratios. The biosolids contained a low carbohydrate fraction and so was not suitable for hydrogen production when used alone. However coblending this waste with a carbohydrate‐enriched food waste produced a greater hydrogen yield, making this option viable. Batch studies showed that the optimised mix had a biosolids concentration of 25.7% (w/w). The largest hydrogen yield of 198.5 mL/gVS_removed was observed when the carb : pro was 2.78, and this was threefold higher than the other carb : pro ratios evaluated in this study. The digestate recovered after hydrogen recovery had a C : N of 17.5, which is in the ideal range for methane production. The biochemical methane potential test showed a methane yield of 239 mL/gVS_removed, and the total volatile solids destruction following two‐phase hydrogen and methane production was 93%.     

H2O2预处理联合生物厌氧降解对烟煤孔隙的影响

为研究H₂O₂预处理联合生物降解对煤孔隙的影响,利用浓度为0.05%H₂O₂对烟煤进行预处理,采用煤层气产出水富集获得的高效菌群进行厌氧降解煤产甲烷实验,通过气相色谱仪检测甲烷含量,通过低温液氮吸附对煤孔隙发育变化进行表征。结果表明:利用H₂O₂预处理烟煤显著提高了生物甲烷产量;预处理对煤孔隙类型没有显著影响,但残煤的吸附量减少,有利于原位煤层气的抽采;经预处理后,煤样的微孔和中孔孔容增加,而过渡孔孔容降低。经生物降解后,残煤的总孔容和比表面积均显著降低,可能是微生物代谢产生的可溶有机质滞留积累在煤中,从而堵塞了煤孔隙所导致。     

开发产业沼气实现生物天然气对天然气的替代——有机废弃物厌氧处理从“环保主导”向“能源-环保双赢”的转型

论述了我国沼气技术和工程升级换代的必要性和可行路线,沼气资源在中国的多样性,分析了若干探索性的案例。研究发现全国生物天然气生产潜力超过1 000亿m3/a,将成为我国部分地替代供应日趋紧缺的天然气的重要途径。     

Biomethane production from different crop systems of cereals in Northern Italy

Global warming is linked to the reduction of green house gas emissions (GHG). The anaerobic digestion of animal manure and energy crops is a promising way of reducing GHG emissions.The increasing number of biogas plants involves a high consumption of energy crops and the needed of big agricultural area. In Italy, cereals silages are the main feedstock for biogas production and are commonly grown under two different crop systems: single crop (only maize) and double crops (maize later winter cereals).In this paper we present the results of experimental field tests carried out by monitoring the anaerobic biomethane potential (BMP) of different cereals silages commonly grown in the Padanian Plan.A laboratory device has been developed to measure the specific biomethane production of the different cereal silages. The different energy crops have been evaluated, in single and double crop systems, expressing the biomethane production per hectare.The maize hybrids show higher specific biomethane potentials respect to winter cereals. Maize FAO class 700 achieves the highest production per hectare as a single crop. Nevertheless, the highest biomethane productions per hectare are reached with double crop system in particular when maize FAO class 500 follows triticale (+12% respect the best single crop system).     

生物燃气净化提纯制备生物天然气技术研究进展

生物天然气是由生物燃气经过脱硫、脱碳、脱水等工艺手段净化提纯后得到的一种可再生燃气,其成分和热值与常规天然气无异,是我国重点发展的生物能源.传统生物燃气中高含量的H2S和CO2限制了其应用,因此生物燃气净化提纯技术是生物天然气实现商业化生产的关键.本工作综述了国内外生物天然气制备过程中的脱硫和脱碳技术,对各项技术的工艺...     

生物预处理促进褐煤制甲烷的内在原因分析

为提高褐煤制甲烷的产气量,利用放线菌Streptomyces viridosporus、真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium和细菌Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes分别对褐煤进行预处理和生物甲烷产气实验。通过化学需氧量(COD)、三维荧光和XPS等测试探讨生物预处理提高煤制甲烷的内在机理。结果表明:S.viridosporus,P.chrysosporium和P.pseudoalcaligenes预处理煤的产气效果比原煤的产气效果分别提高了36.90%,165.39%和69.22%,液相的COD值升高,COD增幅分别为429.47%,596.94%和446.58%;液相中有机质主要以色氨酸类蛋白质、腐植酸和富里酸类腐殖质为主,同时煤表面芳香单元及其取代烷烃(C—C,C—H)的相对含量分别降低了8.56%,11.68%和6.74%,含氧有机碳(C—O,C=O,O—C=O)的总体相对含量分别增加了77.25%,105.31%和60.92%。生物预处理主要通过改变液相中的有机质含量和化学官能团来促进煤制甲烷。