面向二十一世纪的生物农药

简述了农药的发展经历，介绍了国内外生物农药的研究、发展和应用的现状及发展趋势。     

有机磷灭蚊剂投放浓度和时间对水体总磷的影响

为分析新型低毒有机磷杀虫剂“1%双硫磷颗粒”投放对河道水质的影响,设置不同药剂投放浓度和不同反应时间的室内试验,以TP、NH₃-N及S^2-为目标因子,分析该药剂投放后水体污染物浓度。结果表明:不同试验组水样中S^2-质量浓度均小于0.02 mg/L,NH₃-N质量浓度处于0.029~0.036 mg/L之间,均达到地表水Ⅰ类标准;不同浓度药剂投放1 h后,水体TP质量浓度已达到稳定状态,且在60 h内均保持稳定,药剂投加量与水体TP质量浓度呈显著正相关(R²=0.85);不同处理组的药剂在水体中的TP释放量无明显差异,均在1.06~1.30 mg/g之间。“1%双硫磷颗粒”推荐适宜投放量不会使河道水质恶化到劣Ⅴ类,但增加药剂投放量会增加水体TP污染及富营养化风险。     

Phytoplankton as biomonitors: A study of Museum Lake in Government Botanical Garden and Museum,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India

An assessment of the pollution status of Museum Lake in the Thiruvananthapuram Botanical Garden and Museum was conducted. Analysis of different community structures of the planktonic taxa in the lake revealed it is organically polluted, attributable to the organic litter from riparian vegetation. A total of 30 most pollution‐tolerant phytoplankton genera and 24 pollution‐tolerant species were identified. Pollution‐tolerant phytoplankton genera in the lake included Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae. Scenedesmus, Pinnularia, Euglena, Ankistrodesmus, Closterium, Crucigenia, Kirchneriella, Merismopedia and Oscillatoria were some of the phytoplankton pollution tolerant genera whereas, Nitzschia palea, Synedra acus, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Pandorina morum and Trachelomonas volvocina were some of the pollution tolerant species noted. Excessive nutrient loading from the surrounding area is definitely degrading the quality of this urban lake ecosystem. Detailed information regarding the pollution status of a waterbody is very important in this regard, noting it ultimately assists in undertaking proper management of a waterbody. The Palmer Algal Index score for Museum Lake was 37, indicating it is highly organic enriched. The results of different algal indices (e.g. Chlorophycean Index; Nygaard Index) indicated a eutrophic condition for Museum Lake, being attributed to its increased organic enrichment. Canonical correspondence analysis between environmental variables and the microalgal bioindicators also highlighted the influence of the physical and chemical parameters on phytoplankton abundance and distribution in Museum Lake.     

多孔淀粉在内墙涂料中的应用

本用多孔淀粉和淀粉吸附天然除虫菊酯后加入内墙涂料，通过对两解吸附量、释放时间的比较，说明在内墙涂料中加入杀虫剂的可行性，同时也表明多孔淀粉作为一种新型的吸附和缓释剂，有着广泛的用途。     

蔬果磷稳定性研究

用非离子型表面活性剂和吡咯类化合物作稳定剂，加入由约含８０％蔬果磷原药配制的２５％乳油中，制剂被装入安瓿瓶内，在５４℃条件下，储存１４天。分析蔬果磷的含量，没有加稳定剂的，蔬果磷仅残留约５３．４４％，加入稳定剂的，蔬果磷含量至少存在９６．２９％。然而当蔬果磷２５％乳油用３５％左右的原药和稳定剂配制时，在上述储存条件下蔬果磷的分解率为４５％－７０％。     

苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂伏虫隆合成新工艺

伏虫隆是一种苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂,尤其对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、氨基甲酸酯三类杀虫剂已产生抗性的害虫防治效果更佳。以2,4-二氟硝基苯为原料,经过氯化、还原反应合成了3,5-二氯-2,4-二氟苯胺;以2,6-二氯苯腈为原料,经过氟化和水解制得2,6-二氟苯甲酰胺,将2,6-二氟苯甲酰胺与二(三氯甲基)碳酸酯酰化合成2,6-二氟苯甲酰异氰酸酯,再与3,5-二氯-2,4二氟苯胺加成得到杀虫剂伏虫隆,总收率为75.3%。产物结构经元素分析、IR和1HNMR所表征。该工艺具有原料易得、收率高、质量好、对环境污染小的特点。     

三元不对称有机磷合成研究

三元不对称有机磷杀虫剂的良好药效已为人们所熟悉 ,而Ｐｒｏｆｅｎｏｆｏｓ的合成已有报导 ,他们采用了先合成ｓ -正丙基硫代磷酰二氯〔1〕的合成路线。作者以三氯硫磷为起始原料 ,经过与无水乙醇反应生成Ｏ -乙基硫代磷酰二氯〔4〕,然后将其依次与 2 ,4 -二氯苯酚钠、氢氧化钠及溴代正丙烷 (加入催化量的苄基三乙基氯化铵ＢＴＥＡＣ)反应 ,据软硬酸碱理论〔2〕,满意地得到了与预期符合的产物 (由红外光谱图中出现 ｐ =0而证实 ) ,即Ｏ -乙基 -Ｏ -2 ,4 -二氯苯基 -ｓ -正丙基硫醇代磷酸酯 (Ⅰ )杀虫剂 ,该化合物与Ｐｒｏｆｅｎｏｆｏｓ(Ⅱ…     

Diterpene resin acids: Major active principles in tall oil against Variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Tall oil, a by-product of the kraft process for pulping softwood, has been shown to have insecticidal properties. In the present study, the active principles in tall oil against the variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia Hübner, were investigated. GC-MS analysis showed that abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids were major resin acid components of crude tall oil and depitched tall oil. When crude tall oil samples of differing resin acid composition were incorporated into artificial diet at a concentration of 2.0% fresh weight, they suppressed larval growth by 45–60% compared to controls. This suppression was significantly (P0.05) correlated with the equivalent contents of abietic, dehydroabietic, isopimaric, and total resin acids. These results were also evident from a diet choice test, showing that the second-instar larvae obviously selected diets with low levels of resin acids when different diets were randomly arranged in a Petri dish. Bioassays with pure resin acids (abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids) demonstrated that all individual chemicals have similar bioactivity against this insect. Comparison of the bioactivities of depitched tall oil and an equivalent mixture of pure resin acids in thePeridroma chronic growth bioassay indicated that pure resin acids and depitched tall oil share a common mode of action to this insect. This study confirms that resin acids are major active principles in tall oil against the variegated cutworm, but other chemicals likely also contribute to the bioactivity of tall oil.     

Synergistic Sex Pheromone Components of White-Spotted Tussock Moth, Orgyia thyellina

In 1996, the exotic white-spotted tussock moth (WSTM), Orgyia thyellina (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), was discovered in Auckland, New Zealand. Because establishment of WSTM would threaten New Zealand's orchard industry and international trade, eradication of WSTM with microbial insecticide was initiated. To monitor and complement eradication of WSTM by capture of male moths in pheromone-baited traps, pheromone components of female WSTM needed to be identified. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection analysis of pheromone gland extract revealed several compounds that elicited responses from male moth antennae. Mass spectra of the two most EAD-active compounds suggested, and comparative GC-MS of authentic standards confirmed, that they were (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one (Z6–11-one) and (Z)-6-heneicosen-9-one, the latter termed here thyellinone. In field experiments in Japan, Z6–11-one plus thyellinone at a 100:5 ratio attracted WSTM males, whereas either ketone alone failed to attract a single male moth. Addition of further candidate pheromone components did not enhance attractiveness of the binary blend. Through the 1997–1998 summer, 45,000 commercial trap lures baited with 2000 g of Z6–11-one and 100 g of thyellinone were deployed in Auckland towards eradication of the residual WSTM population.Dedicated to my dear mother in honor of her 75th birthday     

杀虫涂料的研究进展

从杀虫涂料的作用原理、杀虫涂料的配方设计、杀虫涂料性能评价方法三个方面对杀虫涂料的研究开发进行了论述,并对杀虫涂料研究的新进展及方向做了简要阐述。