Novel thermally and mechanically stable hydrogel for enzyme immobilization of penicillin G acylase via covalent technique

κ‐Carrageenan hydrogel crosslinked with protonated polyethyleneimine (PEI⁺) and glutaraldehyde (GA) was prepared and evaluated as a novel biocatalytic support for covalent immobilization of penicillin G acylase (PGA). The method of modification of the carrageenan biopolymer is clearly illustrated using a schematic diagram and was verified by FTIR, elemental analysis, DSC, and INSTRON using the compression mode. Results showed that the gels' mechanical strength was greatly enhanced from 3.9 kg/cm² to 16.8 kg/cm² with an outstanding improvement in the gels thermal stability. It was proven that, the control gels were completely dissolved at 35°C, whereas the modified gels remained intact at 90°C. The DSC thermogram revealed a shift in the endothermic band of water from 62 to 93°C showing more gel‐crosslinking. FTIR revealed the presence of the new functionality, aldehydic carbonyl group, at 1710 cm^?1 for covalent PGA immobilization. PGA was successfully immobilized as a model industrial enzyme retaining 71% of its activity. The enzyme loading increased from 2.2 U/g (control gel) to 10 U/g using the covalent technique. The operational stability showed no loss of activity after 20 cycles. The present support could be a good candidate for the immobilization of industrial enzymes rich in amino groups, especially the thermophilic ones. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Spray Coating of 2- and 3-D Solid Substrates Using a Sulfated Polysaccharide for Marine Antifouling Applications

Marine antifouling coating using functional polymers has emerged as an important tool to combat marine fouling. Owing to their natural abundance, polysaccharides represent a more sustainable option than synthetic polymers and carrageenan, a sulfated polysaccharide, is identified as a promising candidate for further research based on its excellent marine antifouling properties. However, existing research has only explored the application of carrageenan-based coatings for 2D objects, using techniques such as spin-coating. Here, a spray-coating method is proposed to apply carrageenan-based coatings to the surfaces of 2- and 3-D objects. The coated surfaces exhibit high stability under various chemical/physical stresses and high resistance to protein adsorption and marine diatom adhesion.     

Natural rubber–isotactic polypropylene thermoplastic blends

Thermoplastic elastomers, prepared by melt blending of natural rubber (NR) and isotactic polypropylene (PP) through a dynamic vulcanization technique, were developed during the later 1970s. However, they have certain drawbacks due to thermal degradation and higher molecular weight of NR. In the study reported here, NR was masticated to different levels prior its addition to isotactic polypropylene to improve the flow properties and to reduce the incompatibility resulting from molecular weight mismatch of NR/PP thermoplastic blends. Mixing energy curves of uncrosslinked blends and those of dynamically vulcanized blends crosslinked using different cure systems were compared. The mixing energy curves of blends containing NR of different molecular weight (M _n) and two grades of PP (injection and film grades) were also compared. Technological and processing properties of the dynamically vulcanized (sulphur and peroxide cure systems) and unvulcanized blends were compared with those of the samples containing unmasticated NR. The results indicated that a number average molecular weight in the range 4 × 10⁵ for NR increased the procoessability without significantly affecting the technological properties of NR/PP thermoplastic blends. Among the three cure systems studied Luperox 101 and dicumyl peroxide gave better technological properties than the sulphur‐cured samples. Two antioxidants, viz. quinoline (TDQ) and imidazole (MBI) type, were tried in NR/PP blends. It was found that TDQ imparts better aging resistance compared to MBI. The improvement in processability due to the reduction in molecular weight of natural rubber by mastication is more noticeable in the case of peroxide vulcanized blends compared to sulphur vulcanized samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 2063–2068, 2004     

芋头与卡拉胶复配体系对猪肉饼品质的影响

选择猪肉为原料,以蒸煮得率、保水性、保油率、质构(弹性、硬度、黏度、内聚性、咀嚼性)、真空贮藏损失和硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)值为指标,研究不同添加量的芋头与卡拉胶对猪肉饼品质的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,分别添加5%、10%、15%芋头或0.5%、0.6%、0.7%卡拉胶的猪肉饼,蒸煮得率、保水保油性、弹性和内聚性都得到改善,真空贮藏损失和TBARS值也降低。将10%芋头与0.6%卡拉胶进行复合使用,能够发挥两者间的协同互补作用,猪肉饼的品质改善效果优于单独添加生芋头或卡拉胶。且猪肉饼的蒸煮得率与保水率、保油率都呈显著的正相关(p<0.05),与真空贮藏损失率呈极显著的负相关(p<0.01)。      

Metabolic effects in mice of cream formulation: Addition of both thickener and emulsifier does not alter lipid metabolism but modulates mucus cells and intestinal endoplasmic reticulum stress

Additives stabilize or improve the organoleptic or functional properties (or both) of many dairy products including whipping cream. Their influence on the metabolic effect of dairy cream is scarcely known. We tested the hypothesis that added emulsifier (lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides; MAG/DAG), thickener (carrageenan, CGN), or both, could modify the metabolic effect, notably in the intestine and liver. Nine-week-old male C57Bl/6J mice were fed UHT cream (indirect treatment) mixed with nonlipidic powder (final: 13% milkfat) for 1 or 4 wk. We compared creams (1) without additive (Ctl), (2) with thickener (Th), 0.02% of κ-CGN, and (3) with both thickener and emulsifier, 0.1% of MAG/DAG esters (Th/Em). We analyzed plasma parameters, intestine, and liver. Fasting glycemia, insulinemia, triglyceridemia, nonesterified fatty acids, body weight gain, and liver weight did not differ among groups. After 1 wk, Th/Em had higher expression in the duodenum of some of the genes involved in (1) intestinal lipid absorption and (2) tight junction proteins versus Ctl and Th. After 4 wk, mucus cell number in the small intestine was higher in Th/Em versus Ctl and Th. Genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the duodenum were more expressed in Th/Em after 1 wk. After 4 wk, in the colon, a higher expression of ER stress genes was observed for Th versus Th/Em and Ctl. Liver damage score was not altered by additives. Adding both CGN (0.02%) and MAG/DAG esters (0.1%) in dairy cream did not result in deleterious outcomes in mice after 4 wk regarding lipid metabolism, intestinal permeability, and liver disorders. The longer term effect of intestinal ER stress modulation deserves further investigation.     

阴离子多糖对大豆蛋白乳状液乳析稳定性的影响

研究了卡拉胶、黄原胶和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)3种阴离子多糖对大豆蛋白乳状液乳析稳定性的影响。结果表明:添加0.03%卡拉胶的乳状液乳析稳定性较好,而添加CMC或0.06%以上黄原胶的乳状液乳析稳定性则较差;随着阴离子多糖浓度的增加,添加CMC的乳状液顶部粒径d3,2增大,添加卡拉胶或黄原胶的大豆蛋白乳状液顶部粒径d3,2先减小后增大;添加阴离子多糖的乳状液的顶部粒径d3,2与乳析率呈较好的正相关性。     

酶解谷朊粉-卡拉胶复合体系凝胶特性研究

采用物性仪研究了酶解谷朊粉-卡拉胶复合体系的胶凝条件和凝胶特性。结果表明,酶解谷朊粉为300 mg/mL时仍是松软的糊状形态,添加0.3%卡拉胶时凝胶成形较好;随着卡拉胶浓度或酶解谷朊粉浓度增加,凝胶的黏性和弹性持续提高,而硬度则在0.3%卡拉胶或250 mg/mL谷朊粉时达到最高点后逐渐下降;随着加热温度增加或加热时间延长,凝胶的质构特性均呈现先逐渐增加后又下降的趋势。综合分析可知,在酶解谷朊粉300 mg/mL、卡拉胶0.3%8、0℃加热30 min条件下形成的复合凝胶硬度(252.822 g)、黏性(128.112 g.s)和弹性(0.045)均达到了较高值。     

卡拉胶海藻多糖硫酸酯化技术研究

利用微波辐射法制备特定分子量多糖(MW 1 000—20 000Da)并进行硫酸酯化修饰,从而提高其生物活性或降低毒副作用。优化后的卡拉胶酸解条件为:溶液浓度5%、制备量600mL、pH 2.0、微波功率750W。当目标产物分子量为1 000—3 000Da时,最适微波处理时间为30min;当为5 000—8 000Da,最适处理时间为20min;10 000—12 000Da时,最适处理时间为12min。考察酯化反应温度、酯化剂浓度等对硫酸根取代度的影响,确定较优反应条件,得到特定分子量及硫酸根取代度的卡拉胶多糖。本项研究为进一步针对卡拉胶多糖的抗流感病毒活性研究奠定了基础。     

基于极差分析法与主成分分析法研究新型牛肉薄饼加工工艺

为研究新型牛肉薄饼加工工艺,采用单因素实验讨论大豆分离蛋白、复合磷酸盐、卡拉胶对牛肉薄饼剪切力、水分含量、感官评分的影响。以剪切力、水分含量、感官评分为评价指标,通过L_9(3~3)正交试验优化牛肉薄饼加工工艺。结果表明:采用极差法、主成分分析法评价不同试验方案牛肉薄饼品质具有一定的合理性,但这两种方法都存在不足,综合考虑两种评价方法可提高结果的合理性。经过综合分析,最佳方案为A_1B_2C_2,即大豆分离蛋白添加量为2.00%、复合磷酸盐添加量为0.30%、卡拉胶添加量为0.10%,为牛肉薄饼最佳加工工艺。该最佳生产工艺下生产的牛肉薄饼水分含量为43.61、剪切力为7.70、感官总分为84.90。本研究为生产高档牛肉肉糜制品,增加产品种类、提高产品食用品质提供依据。     

多羟基糖类物质对冷冻虾仁中水的重结晶的改善作用

探讨不同糖类对冻藏温度波动下冷冻虾仁的抗冻保水作用。以南美白对虾为对象,以焦磷酸钠和蒸馏水分别为阳性和阴性对照,在-55℃与-24℃冻藏温度波动条件下,分析低聚木糖、卡拉胶寡糖、海藻糖和海藻胶寡糖对虾仁肌肉品质特性的影响。结果表明,在温度波动条件下冻藏144 d过程中,相比于蒸馏水处理组,低聚木糖、卡拉胶寡糖、海藻糖和海藻胶寡糖显著降低了冷冻虾仁的解冻损失率,其中最低的为卡拉胶寡糖组(8.58%)。且糖处理组有效维持了虾仁肌肉组织的质构特性,弹性和咀嚼性最佳分别为1.42 mm和6.80 mJ。同时,几种糖类物质减缓了重结晶虾仁的肌原纤维蛋白含量(106.10 mg/g～111.67 mg/g)、Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性(0.124 U/mg～0.136 U/mg)和总巯基含量(7.6 mmol/L～8.1 mmol/L)的下降速率。微观结构观察发现,相比于蒸馏水组,糖类处理后的虾仁肌肉结缔组织结构较为完整,肌束间空隙较小,且并未发生大面积扭曲、断裂现象,其对冻藏虾仁组织结构具有较好的维持作用。由上,低聚木糖、卡拉胶寡糖、海藻糖和海藻胶寡糖可作为冷冻虾仁的抗冻保水剂加以开发与利用。