2,4,6‐Trichlorophenol and phenol removal in methanogenic and partially‐aerated methanogenic conditions in a fluidized bed bioreactor

A fluidized bed bioreactor (FBBR) was operated for more than 575 days to remove 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP) and phenol (Phe) from a synthetic toxic wastewater containing 80 mg L^?1 of TCP and 20 mg L^?1 of Phe under two regimes: Methanogenic (M) and Partially‐Aerated Methanogenic (PAM). The mesophilic, laboratory‐scale FBBR consisted of a glass column (3 L capacity) loaded with 1 L of 1 mm diameter granular activated carbon colonized by an anaerobic consortium. Sucrose (1 g COD L^?1) was used as co‐substrate in the two conditions. The hydraulic residence time was kept constant at 1 day. Both conditions showed similar TCP and Phe removal (99.9 + %); nevertheless, in the Methanogenic regime, the accumulation of 4‐chlorophenol (4CP) up to 16 mg L^?1 and phenol up to 4 mg L^?1 was observed, whereas in PAM conditions 4CP and other intermediates were not detected. The specific methanogenic activity of biomass decreased from 1.01 ± 0.14 in M conditions to 0.19 ± 0.06 mmolCH₄ h^?1 gTKN^?1 in PAM conditions whereas the specific oxygen uptake rate increased from 0.039 ± 0.008 in M conditions to 0.054 ± 0.012 mmolO₂ h^?1 gTKN^?1, which suggested the co‐existence of both methanogenic archaea and aerobic bacteria in the undefined consortium. The advantage of the PAM condition over the M regime is that it provides for the thorough removal of less‐substituted chlorophenols produced by the reductive dehalogenation of TCP rather than the removal of the parent compound itself. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of bacterial inoculum ratio in mixed culture for decolourization and detoxification of pulp paper mill effluent

BACKGROUND: Effluent released from industry is a mixture of various pollutants. For the degradation of complex pollutants, mixed bacterial cultures can be more effective than a single culture. This study investigated the balance of bacterial populations in a mixed culture for maximum reduction of pollutants. RESULTS: This study deals with the degradation and detoxification of pulp paper mill effluent (PPME) by three bacterial strains, i.e. Serratia marcescens, Serratia liquefaciens and Bacillus cereus in different ratios, and found that two ratios, 4:1:1 and 1:4:1, were effective for the degradation of PPME. These ratios reduced the various pollution parameters. Enzyme bioassay revealed that more enzyme was produced during degradation for the ratio 4:1:1. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the ratio 4:1:1 degraded 95% of lignin and related compounds, and chlorophenols up to 98%, whereas ratio 1:4:1 reduced lignin by 84% and chlorophenols by 58% after 7 days incubation. Degradation products were confirmed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis. A seed germination bioassay on Phaseolous mungo L. revealed that toxicity was reduced by the ratio 4:1:1. CONCLUSION: Due to variable potential of different bacteria show variation in their growth pattern at any contaminated site. This study shows that an appropriate ratio of mixed cultures is required for maximum degradation and detoxification of PPME. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Electrochemical oxidation of several chlorophenols on diamond electrodes Part I. Reaction mechanism

The electrochemical oxidation of 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol aqueous wastes using boron-doped diamond electrodes was studied. This treatment led to complete mineralization of the wastes regardless of the operating conditions. A simple mechanistic model is consistent with the voltammetric and electrolysis results. According to this model, the electrochemical treatment of chlorophenol aqueous wastes involves the anodic and cathodic release of chlorine followed by the formation of non-chlorinated aromatic intermediates. Subsequent cleavage of the aromatic ring gives rise to non-chlorinated carboxylic acids. Chlorine atoms arising from the hydrodehalogenation of the chlorophenols are converted into more oxidized molecules at the anode. These molecules react with unsaturated C₄ carboxylic acid to finally yield trichloroacetic acid through a haloform reaction. The non-chlorinated organic acids are ultimately oxidized to carbon dioxide and the trichloroacetic acid into carbon dioxide and volatile organo-chlorinated molecules. Both direct and mediated electrochemical oxidation processes are involved in the electrochemical treatment of chlorophenols.     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定食品接触纸包装材料中的异噻唑啉酮类和氯酚类杀菌防腐剂

建立了固相萃取(SPE)净化,超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测食品接触纸包装材料中8种异噻唑啉酮类和氯酚类杀菌防腐剂(MI、CMI、BIT、2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP、2,3,4,6-TCP、PCP和OPP)的分析方法。样品经甲醇超声提取,HLB固相萃取小柱净化,以甲醇-水为流动相在Phenomenex kinetex C18色谱柱(100 mm×3.0 mm,2.6μm)上梯度洗脱分离,在电喷雾正、负离子分段扫描和多反应监测(MRM)模式下检测,以保留时间和特征离子对定性,外标法定量。结果表明,8种待测物在2.0~400μg/L范围内线性关系良好;方法定量限(S/N=10)在10μg/kg~30μg/kg之间;添加水平为10~300μg/kg时,平均回收率在80.3%~107%之间;相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为3.5%~9.3%。     

树脂吸附法处理2,4-D丁酯氯化含酚废水

采用国产新型大孔吸附树脂XDA对除草剂 2 ,4-D丁酯生产过程中苯酚氯化工序产生的含氯代苯酚的酸性废水进行了动态吸附处理 ,研究了影响吸附的各种因素。实验表明 ,温度 3 5～ 45℃、流率不高于每小时 6倍树脂床体积 (BV·h- 1 )的条件下 ,氯代苯酚和苯酚的除去效率在 99%以上 ;温度 65～ 80℃、质量分数为 5 %的NaOH溶液作解吸剂 ,解吸效率达到 98%。含氯代苯酚钠大约 4% (质量分数 )的碱性解吸液直接返回到氯化车间 ,苯酚钠和过量的NaOH都得到利用 ,实现了污染治理和污染物的资源化 ,具有良好的环境效益和经济效益。     

Reduction of chlorophenols and sludge management from paper industry wastewater using electrocoagulation process

ABSTRACT

In this study, electrocoagulation (EC) was used to determine the optimum conditions on the basis of maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal. At the optimum conditions chlorophenols (CPs), biological oxygen demand and total organic carbon (TOC) were determined. The biodegradability of wastewater was increased significantly with 63% COD, 98% color, 61% TOC and overall 65.51% reductions in CPs. Further, the electro-coagulated sludge was characterized by using different analytical techniques to assist the physicochemical and elemental phases, to find-out better management option, reusability for plant growth and safe disposal. Additionally, aluminum content (70.62%) was successfully recovered from sludge.     

Determination of Chloroanisoles and Chlorophenols in Cork and Wine by using HS‐SPME and GC‐ECD Detection

Cork taint is an off‐flavor problem in wine, the main reason being the presence of 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole (TCA) in the cork stopper. In addition to the TCA, the presence of other chloroanisole and chlorophenol family compounds (the perception limits of which are very low) can also result in, or contribute to, cork taint problem. In this study, the levels of 2,4‐dichloroanisole (DCA), 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole (TCA), 2,3,4,6‐tetrachloroanisole (TeCA), pentachloroanisole (PCA), 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP), 2,3,4,6‐tetrachlorophenol (TeCP) and penthaclorophenol (PCP) were assayed in cork stoppers (natural, agglomerated and colmate) and in red wine samples from different wineries in Turkey using HS‐SPME and GC‐ECD detection. The performance parameters for all chloroanisole and chlorophenol compounds were as follows: recovery 92.48–102.53%, R 0.992‐0.996. The LOQ values were DCA (8.4 ng/L), TCA (0.8 ng/L), TeCa (0.6 ng/L), PCP (0.8 ng/L), TCP (0.8 ng/L), TeCP (1.2 ng/L), and PCP (1.1 ng/L) respectively. In cork stoppers, the amounts of 2,4,6 TCA ranged between 5.4–130.6 ng/g. The 2,3,4,6 TeCA ranged between 1.12‐8.2 ng/g and the PCA ranged between nd (not detected)‐11.01 ng/g. In the wine samples, 2,4,6 TCA ranged between 1.42–70.2 ng/L. The 2,3,4,6 TeCA ranged between nd‐15.1 ng/L and the PCA ranged from nd‐5.16 ng/L. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation between the TCA in wines and the TCA in cork stoppers.     

南方硬木化学浆漂白废水污染特性及特征污染物

采用常规分析、红外光谱、紫外光谱、色谱、质谱等技术,分析、研究了南方硬木化学浆漂白废水的污染特性和特征污染物。结果表明,废水中含有较高浓度的溶解态有机物,可生物处理性较差,且废水存在大量的发色基团和助色基团,使废水色度很深;废水的有机物结构中含有苯环、羰基、羟基、醚基和羧基等基团,羰基是重要的发色团,羟基、醚基和羧基均是助色基团,羰基可能与苯环上的碳碳双键形成共轭,加深废水的色度;废水成分非常复杂,主要有机污染物包括酯类、苯酚类、烷烃类和有机酸类物质,芳香族化合物的峰面积相对含量为58.16％。根据废水中检测到的主要有机污染物对发光细菌的半数发光抑制率EC₅₀,废水中主要控制的特征污染物应包括苯酚类物质、氯酚类有机物、有机氯化物和邻苯二甲酸酯类物质。     

酚类环境雌激素的样品前处理技术研究进展

酚类环境雌激素是最为常见的环境雌激素之一,其对人类、环境和生态的影响受到世界范围的关注。介绍了酚类环境雌激素的种类和毒性,详细讨论了各种样品前处理技术,包括溶剂萃取、索氏提取、固相萃取、基质固相分散萃取、微波辅助萃取、加速溶剂萃取、膜萃取、固相微萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取、分子印迹聚合物萃取、超声辅助萃取、离子液体萃取、浊点萃取、超临界流体萃取等,并对酚类环境雌激素的样品前处理技术进行了总结和展望。     

Composite Fe3O4/Humic Acid Magnetic Sorbent and its Sorption Ability for Chlorophenols and some other Aromatic Compounds

A composite magnetic sorbent with a relatively high content of humic substances (above 35% of organic carbon) was prepared by co-precipitation of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ salts with commercially available alkaline humate concentrate. Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) was identified as the main crystalline phase bearing the magnetic properties of the sorbent. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed the presence of uniform sub-micron structures on the surface of the sorbent grains. Due to the presence of humic substances, the sorbent exhibited good sorption ability towards low-polarity organic pollutants, namely chlorophenols. The sorption efficiency increased in the order of 4-mono- < 2,4-di- < 2,4,5-trichlorophenol in accordance with growing hydrophobicity of these compounds, confirming a hydrophobic nature of the interactions involved in the sorption process. Similar trends were found in the desorption study utilizing water and methanol as leachants. Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene) were also retained on the sorbent. The chemical composition as well as the main physical characteristics (surface area, phase composition) of the sorbent remained virtually unchanged during the sorption process. The sorbent retained its magnetic properties during the sorption of organic substances from aqueous solutions, which provides an opportunity for its regeneration.