An evaluation of biological and abiotic controls for grapevine powdery mildew. 2. Vineyard trials

Grapevine powdery mildew ( Erysiphe necator) affects grape yield and fruit quality worldwide. Managers of conventional vineyards rely mainly on synthetic fungicides and sulfur to control powdery mildew, while in organic vineyards sulfur is the main control agent, often in rotation with canola-based oils, bicarbonates and biological control agents. The efficacy of those materials has not been evaluated critically under field conditions in Australia. Accordingly, a range of materials showing most promise in previous greenhouse trials (Crisp et al. 2006 Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 12 , pp. 192–202) were assessed via field trials in commercial vineyards. Applications of either milk or whey (alone, or mixed with a canola oil-based product), as well as applications of potassium bicarbonate (commercial formulation), all reduced the severity of powdery mildew compared with untreated vines. Eight applications of a 1:10 dilution of milk, 45 g/L whey powder or programs comprising rotations of potassium bicarbonate plus oil and whey, applied at 10–14 day intervals, reduced the severity of powdery mildew to levels not significantly different from that on vines sprayed with sulfur (wettable powder, 3–6 g/L). However, the relative control of powdery mildew by the test materials in field trials was dependent on the susceptibility of the grapevine cultivar and the extent of spray coverage achieved. In vineyards where highly susceptible cultivars were planted, and spray coverage was compromised, the resultant control of powdery mildew was reduced; and sometimes to commercially unacceptable levels.     

防霉建筑涂料的研究与施工使用

针对国内外防霉建筑涂料存在的问题，研制开发了以合成树脂为主要成膜物质，加入环保性杀菌防霉剂及具有防腐霉的功能性颜填料，再配以树脂固化剂等成分配制而成的高性能防霉建筑涂料，并指出该涂料防霉效果良好。     

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Generation of Pathogen-Resistant Tomato against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus and Powdery Mildew

Tomato is one of the major vegetable crops consumed worldwide. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and fungal Oidium sp. are devastating pathogens causing yellow leaf curl disease and powdery mildew. Such viral and fungal pathogens reduce tomato crop yields and cause substantial economic losses every year. Several commercial tomato varieties include Ty-5 (SlPelo) and Mildew resistance locus o 1 (SlMlo1) locus that carries the susceptibility (S-gene) factors for TYLCV and powdery mildew, respectively. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) is a valuable genome editing tool to develop disease-resistant crop varieties. In this regard, targeting susceptibility factors encoded by the host plant genome instead of the viral genome is a promising approach to achieve pathogen resistance without the need for stable inheritance of CRISPR components. In this study, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was employed to target the SlPelo and SlMlo1 for trait introgression in elite tomato cultivar BN-86 to confer host-mediated immunity against pathogens. SlPelo-knockout lines were successfully generated, carrying the biallelic indel mutations. The pathogen resistance assays in SlPelo mutant lines confirmed the suppressed accumulation of TYLCV and restricted the spread to non-inoculated plant parts. Generated knockout lines for the SlMlo1 showed complete resistance to powdery mildew fungus. Overall, our results demonstrate the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to introduce targeted mutagenesis for the rapid development of pathogen-resistant varieties in tomato.     

氟硅唑微乳剂的研制

对国内外文献未见报道的8％氟硅唑微乳剂制剂进行了研制，测定了其冷贮和热贮稳定性等理化性状及生物活性。对黄瓜自粉病室内毒力测定和田间药效试验结果表明，药效与40％乳油相当，对黄瓜安全。     

大豆蛋白胶黏剂及其胶合板防霉研究进展

目的 改进大豆蛋白胶易霉变、储存时间短,将其作为胶黏剂使用制备的板材性能低等缺点,提高胶合板的使用寿命,使板材的适用范围和领域得以拓宽。方法 通过综述大豆蛋白胶和胶合板易发霉原因,以及近年来国内外在针对大豆蛋白胶和胶合板防霉性能方面的研究进展,分析其改性原理以及仍存在的问题,介绍原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）法目前在豆胶改性中的应用。结论 采用ATRP法对大豆蛋白胶黏剂进行防霉接枝改性,可在保证胶合强度的同时延长胶合板使用时间,为今后制备具有优良防霉性能的大豆蛋白胶合板以及工业化推广提供新思路。     

HFZ 炸药撞击感度数据分析

通过对一种新型粉状炸药ＨＦＺ炸药的特性落高数据进行多元线性回归分析,本文得出了三个具有实用意义的拟合式,可用于掌握ＨＦＺ炸药的撞击感度以及指导配方调节．     

牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗诱导抗病性的研究

利用浓度为1．0mg／ml、3．0mg／ml、5．0mg／ml、8．0mg／ml和10．0mg／ml的牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗离体诱导3d，并用5．0mg／ml的牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗离体诱导1～6d后，测定与抗病相关的防御酶活性；利用5．0mg／ml的牛蒡寡糖诱导黄瓜幼苗第1真叶3d后接种白粉病菌，调查黄瓜植株的病情指数。结果表明，与对照组相比，不同浓度的牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗均有诱导作用，能显著提高被处理叶片PAL、POD、PPO、SOD、CAT和壳多糖酶的活性，不同的酶活性达到最高水平时的诱导浓度略有差异。几种酶活性随诱导的时间进程呈现不同水平的动态变化趋势，其中POD活性的提高幅度最大，且一直呈上升趋势。第1真叶的处理组较对照组病情指数降低11．91％，同株未诱导的第2真叶处理组较对照组降低27．42％，说明牛蒡寡糖诱导了黄瓜幼苗对白粉病的系统抗性。     

9种杀菌剂二元复配对橡胶白粉病的增效试验

[目的]橡胶粉孢为害橡胶树嫩叶、嫩梢及花序,严重威胁橡胶产量,目前生产上主要使用粉锈宁防治,导致一些地区的病原菌产生了抗药性。在单剂研究基础上采用Horsfall法分析,并用共毒系数法验证了三唑类、咪唑类和甲氧基丙烯酸酯类9种杀菌剂二元复配对橡胶粉孢的增效作用。[结果]具有增效作用的复配剂配比如下:氟环唑和吡唑醚菌酯配比6∶4、8∶2,四氟醚唑和氟菌螨酯配比1∶9～4∶6,三唑酮和氟菌螨酯配比9∶1,氟菌唑和氟菌螨酯配比8∶2,氟硅唑和唑菌酯配比7∶3～9∶1,四氟醚唑和唑菌酯配比6∶4,三唑酮和唑菌酯配比5∶5、8∶2,氟菌唑和唑菌酯配比7∶3～8∶2,四氟醚唑和唑胺菌酯配比9∶1,氟菌唑和唑胺菌酯8∶2～9∶1。[结论]毒性比率超过1.8的配比增效都很明显,共毒系数测定结果与Horsfall法的定性分析结果吻合。共毒系数有随着毒性比率增加而增大的趋势,但两者的增长不完全成正比。     

新型防霉剂对墙体霉菌抑制效果的评价

为检测与评价自配新型防霉剂对墙体霉菌的抑菌、杀菌效果,采集墙体上的霉菌,分离、纯化及18S-r DNA测序鉴定,确定优势菌株;将鉴定出的优势霉菌接种在沙堡培养基中,37℃恒温培养2~3 d,采用某市售品牌防霉剂A,不同浓度H_2O_2及自配防霉剂BIT进行抑菌处理,通过比较抑菌圈大小评估抑制效果。次共分离出3种霉菌属,分别是毛霉菌属、曲霉菌属、毛壳霉菌属;三种方式处理后都能抑制霉菌生长,从抑菌圈大小进行比较得出自配防霉剂的抑菌效果更好。自配新型防霉剂可以用于处理墙体霉变。