洗涤剂用4A沸石工业的回顾及展望

4A沸石具有软化水质的作用，是全球公认的优良的代磷助剂。介绍了洗涤剂用4A沸石在世界各地的发展历程和现状，指出了国际洗涤剂用4A沸石的发展趋势，并就国内洗涤剂用4A沸石提出了发展建议。     

Pheromone biosynthesis in lepidoptera

Pheromone components for many lepidopteran species are produced by the use of unique chain-shortening and 9, 10, and 11 desaturase systems. Correlations in the Tortricidae indicate that the pheromone components derived from 9 and 01 desaturases are found in the more primitive species (those possessing morphological plesiomorphies). The precise blend ofZ andE acetates in a number of species is regulated in the final reduction sequence from acyl intermediates. Preliminary research has been conducted on the characterization of the various desaturase enzymes used and on the important blend regulating sequence. Initial purification work on the 11 desaturase enzyme found in the cabbage looper moth is reported.     

Activity and stability ofPenicillium cyclopium lipase in surfactant and detergent solutions

Activity and stability of an alkaline lipase fromPenicillium cyclopium var.album (PG 37) were studied in surfactant and detergent solutions. Three anionic surfactants [Na salts of C₁₂SO₄ ^? (sodium dodecyl sulfate), C₁₂ØSO₃/^? (linear alkyl benzene sulfonate), and C₁₁COO^? (laurate)] and four homologous series of nonionic surfactants of C_12–15 polyoxethylenated fatty alcohols (AEO₃, AEO₅, AEO₇, and AEO₉) were evaluated. At a concentration range of 3.2–40 μM, sodium dodecyl sulfate and laurate stimulated the activity of PG 37 lipase. At concentrations greater than 5.6 μM, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate inhibited PG 37 lipase activity. Nonionic surfactants, AEO₅ and AEO₇, in the concentration range of 0.25–20 mM, enhanced and stabilized the activity of PG 37 lipase. The presence of PG 37 lipase in detergent formulaton improved detergency ～20%. The mechanism of inhibition of the lipolytic activity of PG 37 lipase is proposed to be partly due to the formation of inactive (BR)_n-E complex between the hydrophobic moiety of the surfactants and the surface of the lipase. Conversely, formation of a soluble (RB)_n-E complex between the hydrophilic group of the surfactant and lipase may account for the increased lipolytic activity of PG 37 lipase.     

A Taguchi design approach for the enhancement of a detergent-biocompatible alkaline thermostable protease production by Streptomyces mutabilis strain TN-X30

The ability of microorganisms to grow at high temperature, alkaline pH, and high salinity makes them an attractive target for enzyme-production with several industrial applications. One strain TN-X30 has been selected as protease producer and identified as Streptomyces mutabilis after a phenotypic and molecular study. Its production of protease was improved using Taguchi L27 design. The strategy was carried out to identify the optimum levels and the interaction of the screened factors. Following this step, maximum protease activity (10,895 U/ml) was achieved after 6-days of incubation. The TN-X30 protease activity had an optimum of pH and temperature of 10 and 65°C, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters at 60°C were enthalpy 14.26 kJ/mol, entropy −220 J/mol/K, and Gibbs free energy 90.53 kJ/mol. TN-X30 protease production displayed a 16-fold increase reaching 175,000 U/ml in a 100-L fermentor. Furthermore, the lyophilization in presence of sorbitol enhanced the stability of the TN-X30 protease which remained active at 75% after 24-months of storage. The lyophilized TN-X30 protease exhibited exceptional stability indexes in presence of some known commercialized detergent components as NEODOL® 25-7, Dehydol® LT 7, Na₂ CMC, Galaxy LAS, Galaxy LES 70, Galaxy 110, Galaxy CAPB Plus, and Sulfacid K. The lyophilized enzyme also displayed high stability with respect to both solid and liquid detergents. Finally, TN-X30 protease exhibited remarkable destaining of blood, egg, and chocolate stained cloth pieces. These findings may promote TN-X30 protease for use as bioadditive in detergent formulation, thereby reducing environmental chemical threat.     

液体洗涤剂的历史回顾和最新进展

报道了各种类型液体洗涤剂,包括轻垢液体洗涤剂,重垢液体洗涤剂,液体自动餐具洗涤剂,洗发液和调整剂,液体肥皂,织物柔软剂,专用液体洗涤剂等的历史回顾和最新进展,并简述了我国液体洗涤剂的发展。     

不同洗涤剂对抗菌织物抗菌效果的影响

胍类抗菌剂是呈阳离子性的一种抗菌剂，在溶液中能与阴离子的表面活性剂相互作用，使胍类抗菌剂分子上的阳离子氨基明显减少，抗菌效果明显降低．用阴离子表面活性剂的洗涤剂洗涤经胍类抗菌剂整理的织物10次后，抗菌效果明显减弱，而用非离子表面活性剂的洗涤剂洗涤10次，仍有很好的抗菌效果．     

洗涤剂中铅测定方法的改进

针对干灰化法消解样品时存在的问题进行了改进,加入硝酸镁和氧化镁克服了干灰化法低温灰化不完全、高温灰化存在损失的缺点。对氢化物发生-原子吸收光谱法测定铅的酸度介质条件进行了研究,确定了pH在1.5～2.5范围内的最适宜的酸度条件,优化了氢化物原子吸收法测定日用化学品中铅的条件。试验方法经实测,铅检出限为0.4μg/L,定量下限为1.2μg/L。样品加标测定的相对标准偏差RSD为2.5%,铅的回收率范围为93%～102%。     

Attempts to Synthesize Zeolitic Composites from Stellerite

A feasible method to synthesize NaA and NaY zeolite from stellerite, the very cheap raw material found in China, was reported in this article to reduce the cost of zeolite synthesis for the first time. After stellerite is calcined above 973 K with sodium carbonate, this natural zeolite can be slowly dissolved in alkali solution and partly forms the gels, then transforms to zeolite NaA or NaY by structural rearrangement. The effect of synthetic conditions such as the ratio of different cation used in the reactive mixture on the resulting zeolite is examined. Furthermore, a new NaA/MCM-41 composite possessing both micropore and mesopore is synthesized by adding the NaA zeolite into the synthetic system, and the impact of zeolite additive on the pore structure of final porous composite is also explored.     

加清净剂汽油长期储存清净性能的变化规律

 采用模拟进气阀沉积物试验方法，详细考察了加清净剂汽油长期储存清净性的影响因素和变化规律。结果表明，加清净剂汽油长期储存的清净性主要受储存时间（t）和汽油种类影响。无论是空白汽油还是加清净剂汽油，随着储存时间的延长，清净性变差，进气阀沉积物生成量（m_IVD）呈线性递增，即m_IVD =k×t+b，k为m_IVD的变化速率。加清净剂汽油的k与空白汽油的k呈线性关系，同时与汽油储存安定性密切相关。结合改善汽油储存安定性能和优选长期稳定性优异的清净剂两种方式，可以防止加清净剂汽油长期储存清净性显著降低，实现加清净剂汽油长期储存使用。     

Vapour pressure of a fragrance ingredient during evaporation in a simple emulsion

The phase diagram water, phenethyl alcohol and laureth 4 was determined and the variation of the vapour pressure of the alcohol was determined during evaporation using gas chromatographic head-space analysis. The phase changes during evaporation were estimated from the phase diagram and compared to the appearance of the emulsion using optical microscopy. The transfer of the fragrance ingredient between different phases during the process was estimated and its measured vapour pressures compared to those calculated from values of earlier determination in different phases in the system. The agreement was good.