Spouted and spout-fluid bed combustors 1: Devolatilization and combustion of coal volatiles

The devolatilization and volatile combustion of a single coal particle in spouted and spout-fluid beds have been studied. The results showed that the flame extinction time increases with the particle diameter, and decreases with the bed temperature. When the bed temperature and the air flow rate were fixed, the operation modes (spouted or spout-fluid bed) showed less effect on the mean flame extinction time. A mathematical model of the spouted bed mode for preignition and postignition periods has also been developed assuming the devolatilization rate to be controlled by heat transfer and multireaction pyrolysis kinetics based on volatile products. Ignition, heat transfer back from the volatile flame to the particle surface, variation in flame temperature, and the hydrodynamics of SB are taken into account. The model predictions, with some adjusting parameters, were in good agreement with experimental results.     

聚合物系的挥发分脱除——起泡脱挥机理及模型

聚合物系的挥发分脱除(以下简称脱挥)是聚合物生产中的关键工艺之一。本文对国外有关聚合物系脱挥领域的文献作了综述,介绍了聚合物脱挥的基本概念,重点描述了起泡脱挥传质中气泡的成核、生长、破裂,气泡合并、凝聚的机理以及它们的表达式,并介绍了几种起泡脱挥的模型。     

A literature survey and an experimental study of coal devolatilization at mild and severe conditions: influences of heating rate, temperature, and reactor type on products yield and composition

Coal devolatilization studies to maximize the yield of condensable products by operating at elevated temperatures and heating rates have been published. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influences of relatively mild operating conditions (e.g. relatively low temperature and pressure) on product quality, by comparing devolatilized products obtained at various temperatures and heating rates. Fixed bed, fluid bed, and entrained flow reactor units were used to obtain pyrolysis products. In addition, literature data on tar yields in various reactor units at a range of temperatures and residence times were surveyed and compared with experimental data. The liquids were characterized by a number of techniques, including field ionization mass spectroscopy (f.i.m.s.), sequential elution solvent chromatography (s.e.s.c.) and elemental analysis. The results demonstrate that the quality and yield of liquids obtained at a rapid heating rate are functions of peak pyrolysis temperature. It was shown that at a rapid heating rate, the yields of heavier polyfunctional groups (i.e. hydrocarbons with greater mean molecular weight) are greater than those obtained in the fixed bed slow heating rate reactor. The liquids generated at a slow heating rate are of lower molecular weight, viscosity, and sulphur content, and of higher H/C atomic ratios compared with the liquids obtained in a rapid heating rate unit. The effect of increasing the maximum pyrolysis temperature (at a constant slow heating rate) was to increase the yield of light gases (mainly H) at the expense of char hydrogen content and char reactivity. The tar yield is not markedly influenced when the peak devolatilization temperature is increased at a relatively slow heating rate. However, the quality (as defined by the H/C (atomic) ratio) of the liquids, and the reactivity (in air) of char, was reduced when the peak pyrolysis temperature was increased. At a rapid heating rate, the primary products, which have many structural characteristics of the parent coal, are devolatilized. The quality of the liquids obtained at a rapid heating rate is, therefore, determined by the devolatilized primary coal fragments evolved at the devolatilization temperature. In a slow heating rate fixed bed unit, however, the primary coal fragments undergo additional cracking reactions which involve stabilization of free radicals by donatable hydrogen. This leads to the formation of low molecular weight hydrocarbons of relatively higher quality. In-situ (both intraparticle or extraparticle) stabilization of reactive coal fragments by donatable hydrogen may lead to a significant improvement in the overall quality of the pyrolysis liquids in a fixed bed system in which time-temperature history is conducive for such reactions.     

CR244氯丁胶乳管式脱气工艺

以管式脱气法,采用蒸汽鼓泡脱挥手段,在５０－６０℃,真空度６６－７２ｋＰａ条件下脱氯丁胶乳中的残留单体,脱气效率达８５％以上。经过脱气处理后的成品胶性能符合ＺＢＧ３５００１－８８要求。     

氯丁胶乳残留单体脱除技术研究（Ⅰ）

采用卧式搅拌釜真空脱气法,对氯丁胶乳中残留单体的脱除新工艺进行了实验室规模的研究。在剖析胶乳脱气传质机理的基础上,得到了胶乳脱气过程的传质动力学数学模型。获得能在6分钟内脱除90％以上残留单体的满意结果。     

热化学再生磁流体发电系统——烧煤磁流体发电研究技术路线探讨

本文简要回顾了磁流体发电研究发展的历史，讨论热化学两者一磁流体发电系统的特点和意义，这一系统有可能导致烧煤磁流体发电技术的新突破。     

煤粉热解气还原NO的数值研究

基于详细的化学动力学模型Dagaut机理(1 006个反应,145种组分),利用Chemkin4.1软件中柱塞流反应器模型模拟了煤粉热解气再燃还原NO的反应过程,揭示了影响热解气还原NO 2种主要因素(温度和当量比)的作用规律,并研究了热解气中含硫组分对NO还原的影响。结果表明：当量比一定时,温度高于1 100 K后不利于热解气还原NO,当量比为1.25时热解气还原NO的最佳温度是1 100 K;温度一定时,随着当量比增加NO还原效率升高,1 200 K时热解气还原NO最佳当量比范围为1.2~1.6,且随着当量比增加反应器中HCN和NH3浓度增大,而N2浓度减少;在模拟的工况中,热解气中的H2S和SO2对NO还原效率的影响不超过5%,且H2S对NO脱除的影响大于SO2。     

A complete review based on various aspects of pulverized coal combustion

Coal is the most abundant energy source, and around 40% of the world's electricity is produced by coal combustion. The emission generated through it put a constraint on power production by coal combustion. There is a need to reduce the emissions generated through it to utilize the enormous energy of coal for power production. Detailed understanding of various aspects of coal combustion is required to reduce the emissions from coal‐fired furnaces. The aim of present paper is to review various aspects of pulverized coal combustion such as oxy‐fuel combustion, co‐combustion of coal and biomass, emissions from pulverized coal furnaces, ash formation and deposition, and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies to outline the progress made in these aspects. Both experimental and numerical aspects are included in this review. This review also discusses the thermodynamic aspects of the combustion process. Furthermore, the effect of various submodels such as devolatilization models, char combustion models, radiation models, and turbulent models on the process of pulverized coal combustion has been investigated in this paper.     

聚合物溶液的直接浓缩和干燥

聚合物溶液的直接浓缩和干燥是近年来高分子合成工业科技开发的重点之一。文中介绍了目前国内外有关这方面的技术进展情况，并就国内现状提出了科技开发建议。     

Effect of particle size on lignite devolatilization in a fixed-bed reactor

A fixed-bed coal gasification reactor was set up which specifically simulated the devolatilization zone in a gasifier. Samples (100 g) of lignite coal in three size ranges; ?2+1 mm, ?3+2 mm and ?4+3 mm, were devolatilized in the temperature range 350–550 °C with a steam-oxygen mixture, at 1 atm. The effect of these operating variables on tar yield and composition, melting point, viscosity, specific gravity, and molecular weight distribution was determined. A first-order reaction model was fitted to the experimentally observed total loss in weight of the lignite.