Improved Solubility and Emulsification of Wet-Milled Corn Germ Protein Recovered by Ultrafiltration–Diafiltration

This study evaluated Ultrafiltration–Diafiltration (UFDF) as a means to improve the extractability of wet-milled corn germ protein and determined its effects on the functional properties of the recovered protein product. Wet germ and dried germ proteins were extracted by using 0.1 M NaCl at 50 °C. Major steps in the method were stirring, centrifugation, UFDF and freeze-drying. For dried germ, the UFDF method showed marginal increase in protein extraction efficiency, while that of wet germ remained similar to what we observed for the baseline method (saline extraction with dialysis instead of UFDF). UFDF protein extracts from both germ samples were significantly more soluble than extracts recovered by the baseline method and showed atypical solubility profiles; i.e., the amount of soluble protein was essentially unchanged under acidic, neutral, and alkaline pH. UFDF-dried germ protein was markedly more soluble than UFDF-wet germ protein (80 vs 50 % soluble protein, respectively) between pH 2 and pH 10. Both of these UFDF-germ proteins also had emulsifying capacities and water-holding capacities that were superior to those of proteins extracted by the baseline method, but this favorable effect by UFDF was not observed for emulsion stability, foaming properties, and heat stability.     

不同透过率下膜洗滤过程的参数关系

针对不同透过率P情况下的洗滤过程,建立了一个用于描述过程收率和目的物浓度变化的数学模型.围绕间歇洗滤过程(IFD)和连续洗滤过程(CFD),分别计算了保留液中的目的物浓度C和透过液中的目的物收率ξ,并引入了稀释比b、前浓缩比a、后浓缩比c和体积增长率K等参数.在连续和间歇操作的全混釜假设基础上,分析了不同透过率(0≤P≤1)时c-a, c-K, ξ-a 和K-a等参数间的变化关系.该模型能够为洗滤过程的优化及目的物浓度与收率的估算与控制提供理论依据.     

PPES中空纤维纳滤膜的染料脱盐性能研究

采用间歇渗滤恒容操作,考察了杂萘联苯聚芳醚砜(PPES)非对称中空纤维纳滤膜对染料的脱盐性能,并以活性艳蓝染料的盐溶液为分离介质对膜在高温下的分离性能进行了测试分析。结果表明,非对称PPES中空纤维纳滤膜具有良好的染料脱盐性能:在80℃、0.6 MPa下,纳滤膜对活性艳蓝(质量浓度10 g/L)和NaCl(质量浓度2 g/L)的混合溶液渗滤浓缩2倍,经过7个恒容循环操作后,透过液的电导率降至0.1 mS/cm以下。间歇渗透过程中,每个循环后增加反洗操作,有利于提高PPES中空纤维纳滤膜对染料的脱盐效率;以质量分数1.0%的EDTA二钠溶液为反洗液,膜通量恢复率最高可达98.6%。     

Process Duration and Water Consumption in a Variable Volume Diafiltration for Partial Demineralization and Concentration of Acid Whey

Process duration and fresh water consumption were determined (experimentally and statistically) for variable volume diafiltration (VVD) of cottage cheese through a flat sheet membrane (0.046 m²). The VVD process was performed at two volume decreasing ratios (α = 0.75 and α = 0.5). The VVD-0.75 process lasts much longer than the VVD-0.5 process if the same concentration degree is required. The VVD-0.5 process lasts longer than the VVD-0.75 process if it is aimed to achieve the same purification degree. At low purification degrees, both processes require similar quantities of fresh water, but better demineralization is possible after higher dilution, which is typical of the VVD-0.75 process. The mathematical model applied in estimating the duration of the process proved very accurate, which cannot be said about the fresh water consumption model.     

纳滤技术用于玉米降血压肽的脱盐研究

为了使经超滤分级分离的玉米降血压肽水解液的盐分脱除,本研究采用纳滤技术对水解液进行了脱盐处理,通过测定料液的肽截留率、盐(Na+)截留率,经综合比较,首先确定了最佳操作压力;并考察了3种渗滤模型的脱盐效果。结果显示最佳操作压力为8 bar;3种模型一般经过1 h处理,其肽截留率均可达96%以上,其中以连续恒容渗滤模型脱盐效果最佳,在初始条件下(约pH8.0),经90 min处理后,脱盐率可达到76.82%;之后比较了玉米肽在不同酸度条件下的脱盐率。研究表明:在8 bar的压力下,采用连续恒容渗滤模型,于pH 7条件下脱盐效果最好9,0 min处理后,脱盐率可达到87.80%。     

The production of Chinese rapeseed protein isolates by membrane processing

A membrane-based process was developed for the production of Chinese rapeseed protein isolates, which consisted of alkaline extraction of protein at pH 12.0 from CH₂OH/NH₃/H₂O-hexane-extracted Chinese rapeseed meal, isoelectric precipitation at pH 6.5, ultrafiltration followed by diafiltration to concentrate the remaining soluble protein, and freeze-drying. No chemical treatment was required for the removal of phytates from the protein. Three products were obtained with high protein recovery: precipitated and soluble protein isolates, each containing 90 to 100% protein, suitable for animal feed. The two protein isolates were low in phytates, light in color and bland in taste. Chinese rapeseed protein was easier and more economical to treat than canola protein due to the shift of pH for isoelectric precipitation and the elimination of the need for further phytate reduction.     

Fermentation of concentrated skim-milk. Effects of different protein/lactose ratios obtained by ultrafiltration–diafiltration

Defatted milk was ultrafiltered–diafiltered in a 20 kDa polysulphone flat membranes UF unit to obtain concentrated milk with different protein/lactose ratios. Different samples of concentrated–diafiltrated milks with protein concentration between 4·7% and 8·9% and lactose concentration between 2·7 and 0·8% (protein/lactose ratios between 1·7 and 9·5) were fermented (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) to obtain yoghurt-like products. Firmness of the coagulum as well as pH, colony count and organoleptic test were considered in the final products. Concentrated-diafiltrated milk with lactose and protein contents lower than 2% and 6·5%, respectively, lead to a very liquid product. Enriched protein low-lactose fermented milks can be obtained by this technology. © 1998 SCI.     

Comparison and Validation of Drug Loading Parameters of PEGylated Nanoparticles Purified by a Diafiltration Centrifugal Device and Tangential Flow Filtration

This article describes drug loading validation of nanoparticles. Ultracentrifugation was avoided because of problems arising from small-sized particles. Ultrafiltration was adopted in two different modes followed by monitoring of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), dextran sulfate (DS), and loperamide HCl contents. Diafiltration centrifugation removed all PVA at the fourth cycle and provided significantly (p = .000, .017) higher drug loading values compared with tangential flow filtration (TFF). This was due to residual PVA associated with the nanoparticles. TFF enabled satisfactory dry weight recovery (101.66 ± 4.45%, n = 3) of nanoparticles during extended purification. Indirect drug loading (from the purification curve) was not significantly different (p = .450, .487) to the direct drug loading values. Encapsulation parameters were obtained from the purification curve once quantitative estimation of the all formulation components was established.     

Application of Membrane Separation in Fruit and Vegetable Juice Processing: A Review

Fruit and vegetable juices are used due to convenience. The juices are rich in various minerals, vitamins, and other nutrients. To process the juices and their clarification and/or concentration is required. The membranes are being used for these purposes. These processes are preferred over others because of high efficiency and low temperature. Membranes and their characteristics have been discussed in brief for knowing suitability of membranes for fruit and vegetable juices. Membrane separation is low temperature process in which the organoleptic quality of the juice is almost retained. In this review, different membrane separation methods including Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, and Reverse osmosis for fruit juices reported in the literature are discussed. The major fruit and vegetable juices using membrane processes are including the Reverse osmosis studies for concentration of Orange juice, Carrot juice, and Grape juice are discusses. The Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration are used for clarification of juices of mosambi juice, apple juice, pineapple juice, and kiwifruit juice. The various optimized parameters in membranes studies are pH, TAA, TSS, and AIS. In this review, in addition to above the OD is also discussed, where the membranes are used.     

静电相互作用对荷电超滤过程中带电小分子清除的影响

研究了不同荷电量小分子(分子量为1 kD左右)通过表面带同种电荷但荷电量不同的超滤膜(截留分子量为10 kD)时的行为.实验结果表明,荷电超滤膜对带电小分子的截留作用与超滤膜荷电量、小分子带电量以及溶液离子强度密切相关.低离子强度条件下,荷电超滤膜对高荷电小分子的截留率很高,这主要是静电相互作用的结果.随着离子强度的增加,静电屏蔽作用增强,荷电超滤膜对带电小分子的截留作用也相应减小.结果还表明,表观透过率的实验值与基于滞膜模型的理论计算值有较好的吻合.