Adhesive Dispensing Process Analysis: Steady-State Dispensing of One-Component Adhesives

The process of dispensing one-component heat-cure adhesives was investigated in order to understand current application processes and to guide new process development. Typical one-component adhesives exhibit non-Newtonian rheological behavior, and hence Newtonian fluid mechanics does not adequately describe the dispensing process. In the present study, the adhesives were modeled as Bingham fluids possessing a yield stress and a steady state viscosity. The model of the dispensing apparatus includes four major flow sections connected in a serial configuration. The fluid mechanics equations derived for Bingham fluids in the individual flow sections were solved by numerical methods in order to understand the interrelationships between the material variables (e.g. yield stress, viscosity, temperature dependencies) and process variables (e.g. pressure, flow geometry, temperature, output). The concept of the model is generic and the details of the model can be modified for any forced-flow adhesive application process.

The adhesive flow properties significantly influence the process output. Dispensing temperature, among the process variables, has the strongest effect on process output. A ± 1.0·C perturbation in the dispensing temperature can cause as much as a 14% variation in the bead size for the range of adhesives studied. Differences in flow characteristics result in differences in processability and non-linear temperature/pressure sensitivity. The non-linear sensitivity can be eliminated by operating the dispensing process isothermally. Finally, the process limits for one-component adhesives, which are susceptible to chemical instability induced by viscous heating during processing, are defined and discussed in terms of a modified Brinkman number that takes into account viscous dissipation, heat conduction and convection, and chemical stability of the material during processing.     

Study of Eye Drops Dispensing and Dose Variability by Using Plastic Dropper Tips

ABSTRACT

The application of eye drops from flexible dropper bottles fitted with different types of dropper tips is associated with the high variability of eye drop weights. The aim of this report was to investigate the simultaneous effect of three factors influencing the mean weight of drops dispensing from two plastic dropper tips. Using a designed experiment (Box-Behnken), the effect of the concentration of benzalkonium chloride solutions (BAC) in the range of 0–0.02%, the dispensing angle from 90° to 30° from horizontal, and the residual volume of liquid in the dropper bottle from 4 to 10 mL on the mean drop weights were examined. The significant effect of the increase in BAC concentration resulted in a linear decrease in drop weights for both of the dropper tips investigated. The significant effect of the dispensing angle was influenced by the dropper tip design. For the dropper tip A, the effect of the dropper tip tilt was described by the quadratic equation with a minimum, which corresponded to the dispensing angle equal to that of 48° from horizontal. Below this angle, the increase in drop weights occurred due to the drop formation from the wetted external surface of the tip orifice. The linear decrease in drop weights in response to the decrease in dispensing angle was detected for the dropper tip B. The regression equations and the contour line plots obtained allowed the drop weights to be estimated for the actual combinations of both the BAC concentration and the dispensing angle. The effect of the residual volume was found to be non-significant. Based on the formula of Tate's law, the direct proportion between surface tension of a solution and the radius of the effective perimeter of a dropper tip can be used to estimate the theoretical maximal weight of drops at the dispensing angle of 90°. Using the stalagmometric values of surface tension of the BAC solutions, the maximal drop weights were estimated for both of the dropper tips investigated. A comparison between the theoretical and the experimentally measured drop weights enabled the dropper tips behavior to be discussed by using Harkins and Brown correction factor F. The F-value of 0.74 noted for the dropper tip A differed from that of stalagmometer F-value (0.61) indicating a deviation from the simple drop formation process in answer to more complicated design of the dropper tip A. On the other hand, the F-value of 0.6 observed for the dropper tip B demonstrated the better consistency with stalagmometry. As a result, the dropper tip B with the linear decrease of drop weights in response to the increased concentration of BAC and the decreased dispensing angle without the adverse external drop formation could be recommended in real drop dispensing.     

喷射器内胶液流动数值仿真

胶液喷射技术现广泛应用于表面贴装工艺领域。在流固耦合仿真中,对流体动边界的处理是一个难点。利用ANSYS流固耦合作用工具FSI及任意拉格朗日欧拉法对胶液喷射器内胶液流动过程进行了研究。得到喷针运动下胶液喷射器内胶液的压力及速度分布,证明了该方法的有效性,并得出喷针运动直接影响胶液喷射技术实现的结论。     

The process modelling of epoxy dispensing for microchip encapsulation using fuzzy linear regression with fuzzy intervals

Epoxy dispensing is a popular way to perform microchip encapsulation for chip-on-board (COB) packages. However, the determination of the proper process parameters setting for a satisfactory encapsulation quality is difficult due to the complex behaviour of the encapsulant during the dispensing process and the inherent fuzziness of epoxy dispensing systems. Sometimes, the observed values from the process may be irregular. In conventional regression models, deviations between the observed values and the estimated values are supposed to have a probability distribution. However, when data is scattered, the obtained regression model has too wide of a possibility range. These deviations in processes such as epoxy dispensing can be regarded as system fuzziness that can be dealt with satisfactorily using a fuzzy regression method. In this paper, the fuzzy linear regression concept with fuzzy intervals and its application to the process modelling of epoxy dispensing for microchip encapsulation are described. Two fuzzy regression models, expressing the correlation between various process parameters and the two quality characteristics, respectively, were developed. Validation experiments were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for process modelling.     

基于工控机和VC的点阵布胶

介绍一种采用螺杆泵式点胶器的接触式布胶试验装置,论述了装置的系统组成及功能,针对系统中的关键组成部分—z轴的运行模式进行了深入的分析和研究;通过VC++6.0设计的用户界面,设定有关参数以控制x、y运动平台、z轴的运动和挤胶过程,达到了应用的要求。     

SAF的合成机理及分散性能研究

以丙酮、甲醛和亚硫酸盐为主要原料合成出了磺化丙酮－甲醛缩聚物减水剂（SAF），研究了原料配比，加料方式及反应条件对缩聚反应和产物分散性能的影响，初步讨论了缩聚反应机理。     

Heat-resistant dispensing nozzles based on zirconium dioxide for profiled CBCM. Part 2. Industrial approval of dispensing nozzles in intermediate ladles of a profiled CBCM

Technology is developed for manufacturing dispensing nozzles made of zirconium dioxide. Test-industrial batches of objects, manufactured using separate and combined stabilization of ZrO₂, are produced and tested under industrial conditions. Dispensing nozzles differ in open porosity. The service behavior for the objects developed and imported analogs is compared. The efficiency of using dispensing nozzles made of zirconium dioxide with porosity less than 12% during operation in a CBCM is demonstrated. Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 73 – 77, April 2009.     

Systems for monitoring technological and production processes of commercial enterprises

The problems that arise in comprehensive automation of production are considered. Characteristics are given and examples are provided of intellectual measurement provisions and control, information measurement systems, and software/hardware suites used in enterprises of the chemical, mining, petrochemical, metallurgical, and oil processing industries. A version of implementing a system for production management is demonstrated. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 7. pp. 59–62, July, 2007.     

Transfer of low nanoliter volumes between microplates using focused acoustics—automation considerations

Acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) gently and precisely aliquots nanoliter and picoliter liquid volumes without any physical contact with the solution being transferred. The technology is very automation-friendly, as it is compatible with conventional microplates. Focused energy from an acoustic transducer induces droplet ejection into an inverted standard microplate. The commercial system transfers low-nanoliter volumes of dimethyl sulfoxide–dissolved compound libraries and thereby enables cell-based assays to be performed in 1536-well plates.     

Decreasing effluent pollution by the use of soap-based building kit detergents

By their nature, detergents create a pollution problem for our inshore waters. Solutions have recently been proposed that could contribute to a lower level of contamination in the effluent. Two aspects are discussed. The first is to dispense separately major components of detergents such as bleaches and softeners in such a manner that only the quantities required for a specific wash cycle are used. The second is to select ingredients which are ecologically friendly. For example, as the surfactant, soap is preferred because it is 50 times less toxic to fish than common synthetic materials such as LAS. Soap is completely degraded in the sewage plant, leading to harmless end-products. ‘Building-kit system detergents’ can decrease contamination of effluents in a remarkable manner.