欧盟对农药的重新评定与我国除草剂品种发展

评述了欧盟评定的农药名单中禁用的除草剂品种及我国今后除草剂的开发与使用。     

Absolute Configuration of β- and α-Asymmetric Carbons within β-O-4-Structures in Hardwood Lignin

In this study, we investigated the proportion of erythro- and threo-forms of β-O-4-ether structures and their enantiomeric compositions in hardwood lignin by applying the ozonation method to birch wood meal. Optical activity was not substantially observed in either the erythronic or threonic acids obtained as the ozonation products of β-O-4-structures in birch wood meal. The proportions of the four stereoisomeric forms {(αS,βR)-erythro, (αR,βR)-threo, (αS,βS)-threo, and (αR,βS)-erythro forms} were estimated to be 37-38%, 13-14%, 12-13%, and 36-37% based on the yields of erythronic and threonic acids, and on their optical activities. The proportions suggest that the entire components of β-O-4-ether structures in birch wood lignin have R- and S-configurations at the β-carbon in approximately the same quantities {(βR)-β-O-4-structure: (βS)-β-O-4-structure = 50–52:48–50}; i.e., that the β-ether structures are essentially racemic. This estimation implies that, during lignin biosynthesis, an equal number of enantiomeric forms of β-O-4-bonded quinone methides were formed by radical coupling reactions.     

Chirality of synergistic sex pheromone components of the western hemlock looperLambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (HULST) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Bakers' yeast reduction of (2E)-3-(2-furanyl)-2-methyl-2-propenal yielded the synthetic intermediate, (2S)-3-(2-furanyl)-2-methylpropanol, of high chiral purity (>97% ee) for the synthesis of the enantiomers of 2,5-dimethylheptadecane and 7-methylheptadecane, two synergistic sex pheromone components of the western hemlock looper (WHL),Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa Hulst. In electrophysiological bioassays, (7S)- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane elicited strong antennal responses by male WHL antennae. In field trapping experiments, addition of (7S)- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane, the major sex pheromone component of WHL, increased attraction. Attraction to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane in combination with (7S)-7-methyiheptadecane was further enhanced by the addition of (5S)- but not (5R)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane. Similarly, attraction to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane combined with (5S)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane increased when 7S- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane was added as a third component. We conclude that (7S)-7-methylheptadecane and (5S)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane are the synergistic sex pheromone components of WHL. The synthetic methodology described is applicable to the synthesis of chiral methyl-branched pheromones in other orders of the Insecta, particularly Coleoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera.     

手性氨基酸拆分研究进展

氨基酸是组成蛋白质的基本单元,在人体及动物生命活动中起着举足轻重的作用.光学纯氨基酸是合成多肽和内酰胺类抗生素等药物的重要中间体,在药物合成、新材料合成、食品添加剂和精细化学品的开发等方面都具有巨大的应用价值.然而,人工合成的氨基酸大多是外消旋体.外消旋氨基酸的两个异构体在多数情况下具有不同的生理作用,有时甚至药性完全相反.对外消旋氨基酸进行拆分是获得手性氨基酸的重要方法.综述了近年来国内外氨基酸拆分的一些研究进展.     

HPLC手性流动相添加剂法拆分巴氯芬对映体

建立了以羧甲基-β-环糊精为手性流动相添加剂,在反相液谱条件下拆分巴氯芬对映体的方法。研究了手性添加剂的种类及浓度、流动相组成、pH值及流速等尉崇对拆分的影响。流动千H为甲醇、乙腈、水,体积比为90：5：5,其中含2．00g／LCM-β-CD,pH值5．95,流速0．60mL／min,检测波长231nm,分离度为1．31。该方法简便、快速、相对偏差小。     

Structure-activity relationship observations oftrans-trimedlure enantiomers

tert-Butyl 4- (and 5-) chloro-trans-2-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (TML), a mixture of four majortrans and four minorcis isomers, is used as an attractant for detecting and monitoring the male Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly),Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). The eight isomers (racemic mixtures) were isolated by HPLC, and their relative attractiveness in the field was determined. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was proposed that related a molecular measurement (ų) of the TML structure to male medfly captures. More recently, thetrans-TML enantiomers were synthesized in sufficient quantities for field testing. This paper reports the computer-aided molecular modeling, via Chem-X, of thetrans-TML enantiomers and the staggered and superimposed fitting with the most attractive isomer, (1S,2S,4R)-TML-C, to determine common volumes and surface areas from Van der Waals (VdW) maps. Observations of structure-activity relationships (SAR) are reported for the staggered fittings.     

双手性识别HPLC法拆分3-(2-氯乙基)-2-(2-氯乙基氨基)四氢-2H-1,3,2-噁嗪磷-2-氧化物对映体

建立了拆分3-(2-氯乙基)-2-(2-氯乙基氨基)四氢-2H-1,3,2-口恶嗪磷-2-氧化物(异环磷酰胺)对映体的双手性识别HPLC方法。以三苯基氨基甲酸酯-纤维素(CTPC)为手性固定相,以添加N-苄氧羰基-S-苯基-L-半胱胺酸(BPC)为手性添加剂的正己烷、异丙醇为手性流动相,V(正己烷)∶V(异丙醇)=90∶10,c(BPC)=0.4 mmol/L,流动相流速为0.8 mL/m in,检测波长为254 nm,异环磷酰胺对映体的分离选择性系数为1.12,分离度为1.91,质量浓度测定的线性范围为0.5~2.6 mg/mL,相对标准偏差为0.21%~0.59%,最小检测限为0.86μg。     

乙草胺对映体的手性识别

乙草胺对映异构体在纤维素衍生物手性固定相上得到了分离,分离系统为高效液相色谱,流动相为正己烷和石油醚,流动相中添加了乙醇、内醇、异丙醇和丁醇为极性改性剂,考察了各种改性剂及其含量对拆分的影响。在0℃～25℃范围内研究了温度对拆分的影响。试验结果显示,丙醇和丁醇在2％～15％含量范围内对乙草胺没有分离效果,乙醇和异丙醇有一定的分离效果。流动相中醇含量的减少及温度的降低有利于对映体的拆分,在异丙醇含量为2％,温度为0℃时有最佳的分离效果,分离因子为1.20。     

填充柱超临界CO2流体色谱制备拆分4种外消旋γ-内酯香料

填充柱超临界CO2流体色谱是近年发展的一种绿色高效色谱分离技术。本文采用填充柱超临界CO2流体色谱对外消旋γ-辛内酯、γ-癸内酯、γ-十一内酯、γ-十二内酯4种香料进行制备规模手性拆分。色谱柱Chiralpak AD 250mm×10mm10μm,柱温、柱压、改性剂等参数在前期分析研究基础上设定。调节流动相流速、样品浓度得较佳分离通量,并进行制备性分离,结果:γ-辛内酯,上样2mg/次,每次运行9min,180min分离40mg,回收率(以2个对映体计,下同)66.3%;γ-癸内酯,上样0.8mg/次,每次运行9min,180min分离16mg,回收率68.1%;γ-十一内酯,上样0.8mg/次,每次运行11min,220min分离16mg,回收率64.4%;γ-十二内酯,上样0.7mg/次,每次运行11min,220min分离14mg,回收率71.4%。上述分离制备所得对映体的光学纯度(e.e%)均为100%。     

Horizontal reactive distillation for multicomponent chiral resolution

A novel horizontal reactive distillation apparatus and a new overall process scheme are proposed for continuous multicomponent chiral resolution via reversible enantioselective acylation of a chiral (racemic) substrate by a chiral (racemic) acyl donor. The process enables simultaneous production of up to four enantiomers with enhanced chiral purity. Kinetic studies, miniplant experiments, and process simulation results are described for a model lipase‐catalyzed reaction: (R)‐enantioselective transesterification of (R,S)‐1‐n‐butoxy‐2‐propanol with (R,S)‐1‐methoxy‐2‐acetoxypropane to produce (R)‐1‐n‐butoxy‐2‐acetoxypropane, (R)‐1‐methoxy‐2‐propanol, and the two unreacted (S)‐enantiomers of the (R,S)‐reagents. A horizontal, compartmentalized reactive distillation vessel is specified instead of a conventional reactive distillation column to provide longer liquid‐phase residence time needed for adequate conversion. Low vapor‐traffic pressure drop allows operation under vacuum at reduced temperatures for good enzyme stability and enantioselectivity. The general technology has potential as a means to producing a wide range of chiral synthons used in asymmetric syntheses of chiral pharmaceuticals and other biologically active products. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2603–2620, 2013