红霉素肟贝克曼重排反应中的构型异构化

碱性条件下红霉素肟容易由E构型转化为Z构型从而达到平衡。但发现同样是在碱性条件下的贝克曼重排反应后,E构型产物的质量分数相对于原料中E肟的质量分数而言提高了,而Z构型产物的质量分数相应降低了,说明在贝克曼重排反应过程中Z构型异构化为了E构型。该异构化现象的发现为控制阿奇霉素生产条件,从而降低产物中由红霉素Z肟重排得到的副产物的质量分数,提高最终产品阿奇霉素的产率提供了参考,对异构化机理也进行了探讨。     

阿奇霉素合成中硼酸酯水解的研究

对阿奇霉素合成中的两种硼酸酯,即阿奇霉素硼酸酯(AZMB)及其前体氮红霉素硼酸酯(AZAB)的水解进行了比较,AZAB的最佳水解条件为:pH=3.0、水解温度30℃、水解时间30 m in,转化率91.9%;AZMB的水解条件为:pH=2.0,温度30℃、反应时间90 m in,转化率为89.3%。实验表明,AZAB比AZMB更易水解。采用有机酸和无机酸的混合酸代替文献[6]中的无机酸调节水解的pH,可以抑制克拉定糖的酸性降解反应。通过改进后,以红霉素6,9-亚胺醚为原料,阿奇霉素二水化合物的总收率可以达到85%,经HPLC分析,质量分数为98.4%。     

Identification of a phosphopantetheinyl transferase for erythromycin biosynthesis in Saccharopolyspora erythraea

Phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) catalyze the essential post-translational activation of carrier proteins (CPs) from fatty acid synthases (FASs) (primary metabolism), polyketide synthases (PKSs), and non-ribosomal polypeptide synthetases (NRPSs) (secondary metabolism). Bacteria typically harbor one PPTase specific for CPs of primary metabolism ("ACPS-type" PPTases) and at least one capable of modifying carrier proteins involved in secondary metabolism ("Sfp-type" PPTases). In order to identify the PPTase(s) associated with erythromycin biosynthesis in Saccharopolyspora erythraea, we have used the genome sequence of this organism to identify, clone, and express (in Escherichia coli) three candidate PPTases: an ACPS-type PPTase (S. erythraea ACPS) and two Sfp-type PPTases (a discrete enzyme (SePptII) and another that is integrated into a modular PKS subunit (SePptI)). In vitro analysis of these recombinant PPTases, with an acyl carrier protein-thioesterase (ACP-TE) didomain from the erythromycin PKS as substrate, revealed that only SePptII is active in phosphopantetheinyl transfer with this substrate. SePptII was also shown to provide complete modification of ACP-TE and of an entire multienzyme subunit from the erythromycin PKS in E. coli. The efficiency of the SePptII in phosphopantetheinyl transfer in E. coli makes it an attractive alternative to other Sfp-type PPTases for co-expression experiments with PKS proteins.     

红霉素对解脲支原体肺炎的疗效及对细胞亚群和肝功能的影响

目的: 探讨红霉素对解脲支原体肺炎的疗效及对细胞亚群、肝功能的影响。方法: 收集我院2016年5月至2017年5月收治的41例解脲支原体肺炎患儿作为试验组,静脉滴注10 mg/kg红霉素与适量5%葡萄糖注射液,每天2次,疗程7～10 d,同期选取41例健康体检儿童,比较健康组与试验组治疗前后细胞亚群及肝功能,并分析试验组疗效及安全性。结果: 治疗前,试验组CD4+、CD4+/CD8+分别为（41.95±5.71）%、1.26±0.18,低于健康组的（48.13±7.21）%、1.79±0.20,试验组CD8+为（35.10±4.41）%,高于健康组的（26.56±3.13）%,试验组谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、总胆汁酸、胆红素、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶/谷草转氨酶分别为（136.71±17.20）U/L、（439.67±54.45）U/L、（28.39±3.72）U/L、（68.05±8.95）μmol/L、（7.82±0.95）mmol/L、（1.70±0.24）mmol/L、（113.37±14.25）U/L、1.24±0.14,高于健康组的（45.26±4.88）U/L、（397.98±47.20）U/L、（22.24±2.66）U/L、（36.71±4.83）μmol/L、（4.26±0.46）mmol/L、（1.24±0.17）mmol/L、（62.51±9.19）U/L、0.77±0.12;治疗后,试验组CD4+、CD4+/CD8+显著上升,CD8+、谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、总胆汁酸、胆红素、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶/谷草转氨酶显著下降,且两组比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论: 红霉素对解脲支原体肺炎的疗效肯定,能够利于细胞亚群及肝功能的缓解。     

RAG1 and RAG2: nuclear genes involved in the dependence/independence on mitochondrial respiratory function for growth on sugars

The analysis of five independent isolates of Kluyveromyces lactis shows that CBS 2359, CBS 683 and CBS 4574 could grow in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors (antimycin A, oligomycin or erythromycin) and that CBS 2360 and CBS 141 were unable to grow in the presence of drugs. The resistant growth was observed only on glucose and not on other fermentable carbon sources (galactose, lactose). The phenotype 'growth on glucose in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors' was called Rag+. This phenotype was found to be controlled by two unlinked nuclear genes: RAG1 and RAG2. Either of their recessive alleles, rag1 and rag2, led to the Rag- phenotype (i.e. the failure of growth on glucose in the presence of antimitochondrial drugs). Rag- strains represent the case in which fermentative growth becomes absolutely dependent on the functioning of the normal respiratory chain.     

Directed Recovery and Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids from Cheese Bacteria

Resistance to antimicrobials is a growing problem of worldwide concern. Plasmids are thought to be major drivers of antibiotic resistance spread. The present work reports a simple way to recover replicative plasmids conferring antibiotic resistance from the bacteria in cheese. Purified plasmid DNA from colonies grown in the presence of tetracycline and erythromycin was introduced into plasmid-free strains of Lactococcus lactis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus casei. Following antibiotic selection, the plasmids from resistant transformants were isolated, analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion, and sequenced. Seven patterns were obtained for the tetracycline-resistant colonies, five from L. lactis, and one each from the lactobacilli strains, as well as a single digestion profile for the erythromycin-resistant transformants obtained in L. lactis. Sequence analysis respectively identified tet(S) and ermB in the tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistance plasmids from L. lactis. No dedicated resistance genes were detected in plasmids conferring tetracycline resistance to L. casei and L. plantarum. The present results highlight the usefulness of the proposed methodology for isolating functional plasmids that confer antibiotic resistance to LAB species, widen our knowledge of antibiotic resistance in the bacteria that inhabit cheese, and emphasize the leading role of plasmids in the spread of resistance genes via the food chain.     

Extraction of erythromycin‐A using colloidal liquid aphrons: I. Equilibrium partitioning

Colloidal liquid aphrons (CLAs) are surfactant‐stabilised solvent droplets which have recently been explored for use in pre‐dispersed solvent extraction (PDSE). In this work, the equilibrium partitioning of a microbial secondary metabolite, erythromycin, has been studied using both CLAs (formulated from 1% (w/v) Softanol 120 in decanol and 0.5% (w/v) SDS in water) and surfactant‐containing, two‐phase systems. The equilibrium partitioning of erythromycin was found to be strongly influenced by the extraction pH, and exhibited a marked change either side of the pK_a of the molecule. A modified form of the Henderson–Hasselbach equation could be used as a simple design equation to predict the equilibrium partition coefficient (m_eryt = C_org /C_aq) as a function of pH. For extraction experiments with dispersed CLAs where pH > pK_a, m_eryt values as high as 150 could be obtained and the erythromycin could be concentrated by factors of up to 100. Experiments were also carried out in surfactant‐containing, two‐phase systems to determine the effect of individual surfactants used for aphron formulation on erythromycin partitioning. For extraction at pH 10 neither the Softanol (a non‐ionic surfactant) nor SDS (an anionic surfactant) had any influence on the equilibrium erythromycin partition coefficients. For stripping at pH 7, however, it was found that recovery of erythromycin from the organic phase decreased with increasing concentration of SDS, although again the Softanol had no influence on the equilibrium. The effect of SDS was attributed to a specific electrostatic interaction between individual erythromycin and SDS molecules under stripping conditions. The m_eryt values and concentration factors achievable in the two‐phase systems were considerably less than those for the PDSE experiments. The physical properties of the two‐phase systems, ie density, viscosity, interfacial tension, etc, and the equilibrium distribution of the surfactants were also determined in relation to subsequent studies on the kinetics of erythromycin extraction. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

The structural basis for docking in modular polyketide biosynthesis

Polyketide natural products such as erythromycin and rapamycin are assembled on polyketide synthases (PKSs), which consist of modular sets of catalytic activities distributed across multiple protein subunits. Correct protein-protein interactions among the PKS subunits which are critical to the fidelity of biosynthesis are mediated in part by "docking domains" at the termini of the proteins. The NMR solution structure of a representative docking domain complex from the erythromycin PKS (DEBS) was recently solved, and on this basis it has been proposed that PKS docking is mediated by the formation of an intermolecular four-alpha-helix bundle. Herein, we report the genetic engineering of such a docking domain complex by replacement of specific helical segments and analysis of triketide synthesis by mutant PKSs in vivo. The results of these helix swaps are fully consistent with the model and highlight residues in the docking domains that may be targeted to alter the efficiency or specificity of subunit-subunit docking in hybrid PKSs.     

罗红霉素相关物的制备

引言罗红霉素(roxithromycin)又名9-O-甲氧乙氧甲基肟红霉素,是红霉素的衍生物,是20世纪80年代初开发的十四元环口服用大环内酯类抗生素,1988年首次在法国上市。它是广谱抗生素,除了对敏感的革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌和厌氧菌有效,对军团菌、支原体、衣原体等也有效[1-3],并且对胃酸稳定、吸收率高、疗效好、不良反应小,     

Preparation and characteristics of erythromycin microspheres for lung targeting

Background: If erythromycin is micronized into microspheres with suitable particle size, it can improve pulmonary drug concentration to maximize its effectiveness and minimize the adverse side effects. Aim: In this study, erythromycin gelatin microspheres (EM-GMS) were prepared and some characteristics of EM‐GMS were investigated. The drug-targeting index (DTI) of EM-GMS was evaluated to predict their potential as a targeted delivery system. Method: Erythromycin was microencapsulated with gelatin by a double emulsion solvent evaporation method. Some characteristics of EM-GMS, including morphology, particle size, in vitro release, and safety were researched. Results: EM-GMS had a spherical shape and smooth surface morphology. The drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of EM-GMS were 13.56 ± 0.25% and 55.82 ± 2.23%, respectively. The release of erythromycin from EM-GMS showed an initial burst and following a sustained release, with an accumulate release of 80% at 4 hours. The EM-GMS was safe since there was no vein irritation and no hemolysis on the erythrocyte of rabbit at 3.5 mg/mL and a LD50 of 173.07 mg/kg. After administering EM-GMS to rabbits, the concentration of erythromycin in lung was 15.92 times higher than that in plasma and the DTI of EM-GMS in lung was 6.65 as compared with erythromycin lactobionate. Conclusions: The preparation technology of EM-GMS for lung targeting was successful and the quality of microspheres was good.