重组人促红细胞生成素对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响及其作用机制研究

目的 探讨重组人促红细胞生成素（recombinant human erythropoietin,rh-EPO）对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响及其作用机制.方法 将人乳腺癌 MDA-MB-231 细胞进行培养.传至5～6代,细胞生长状态稳定后,收集人乳腺癌 MDA-MB-231细胞用于MTT实验.采用MTT法检测 5 组（阴性对照组、rh-EPO A 组、rh-EPO B组、rh-EPO C 组和rh-EPO D 组）MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的情况.用10 μmol·L-1p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580、ERK抑制剂U0126、JNK抑制剂SP600125和NF-κB 抑制剂PDTC预处理人乳腺癌 MDA-MB-231 细胞后,用MTT法检测经100、200、300和400 U·mL-1的rh-EPO（PDTC＋EPO 组、SB203580＋EPO 组、SP600125＋EPO组和U0126＋EPO组）诱导后细胞增殖的情况.结果 阴性对照组、rh-EPO A 组、rh-EPO B组、rh-EPO C 组和rh-EPO D 组 72 h PI值分别为：1.000 0±1.000 0、1.231 8±0.133 0、1.323 9±0.136 0、1.351 7±0.146 0和1.423 1±0.084 0;96 h PI值分别为：1.000 0±1.000 0、1.352 5±0.036 0、1.359 7±0.112 0、1.387 2±0.063 0和1.410 8±0.060 0.rh-EPO A 组、rh-EPO B组、rh-EPO C 组和rh-EPO D 组 72、96 h PI值与阴性对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）.PDTC＋EPO 组、SB203580＋EPO 组72、96 h PI值均较EPO组明显降低（均P＜0.05）,SP600125＋EPO组、U0126＋EPO组72、96 h PI值与EPO组比较差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）.结论 rh-EPO可能是通过NF-κB、MAPK传导通路发挥效应,促进人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖.     

The Non-Erythropoietic EPO Analogue Cibinetide Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro and Increases Bone Mineral Density in Mice

The two erythropoietin (EPO) receptor forms mediate different cellular responses to erythropoietin. While hematopoiesis is mediated via the homodimeric EPO receptor (EPOR), tissue protection is conferred via a heteromer composed of EPOR and CD131. In the skeletal system, EPO stimulates osteoclast precursors and induces bone loss. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we evaluated the role of the heteromeric complex in bone metabolism in vivo and in vitro by using Cibinetide (CIB), a non-erythropoietic EPO analogue that exclusively binds the heteromeric receptor. CIB is administered either alone or in combination with EPO. One month of CIB treatment significantly increased the cortical (~5.8%) and trabecular (~5.2%) bone mineral density in C57BL/6J WT female mice. Similarly, administration of CIB for five consecutive days to female mice that concurrently received EPO on days one and four, reduced the number of osteoclast progenitors, defined by flow cytometry as Lin⁻CD11b⁻Ly6C^hi CD115⁺, by 42.8% compared to treatment with EPO alone. In addition, CIB alone or in combination with EPO inhibited osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Our findings introduce CIB either as a stand-alone treatment, or in combination with EPO, as an appealing candidate for the treatment of the bone loss that accompanies EPO treatment.     

Interplay between Endothelin and Erythropoietin in Astroglia: The Role in Protection against Hypoxia

We show that, under in vitro conditions, the vulnerability of astroglia to hypoxia is reflected by alterations in endothelin (ET)-1 release and capacity of erythropoietin (EPO) to regulate ET-1 levels. Exposure of cells to 24 h hypoxia did not induce changes in ET-1 release, while 48–72 h hypoxia resulted in increase of ET-1 release from astrocytes that could be abolished by EPO. The endothelin receptor type A (ETA) antagonist BQ123 increased extracellular levels of ET-1 in human fetal astroglial cell line (SV-FHAS). The survival and proliferation of rat primary astrocytes, neural precursors, and neurons upon hypoxic conditions were increased upon administration of BQ123. Hypoxic injury and aging affected the interaction between the EPO and ET systems. Under hypoxia EPO decreased ET-1 release from astrocytes, while ETA receptor blockade enhanced the expression of EPO mRNA and EPO receptor in culture-aged rat astroglia. The blockade of ETA receptor can increase the availability of ET-1 to the ETB receptor and can potentiate the neuroprotective effects of EPO. Thus, the new therapeutic use of combined administration of EPO and ETA receptor antagonists during hypoxia-associated neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) can be suggested.     

Global ESRD Costs Associated with a Short Daily Hemodialysis Program in the United States

In spite of the growing evidence that daily hemodialysis (DHD) improves clinical outcomes and quality of life, the additional dialysis costs are not currently reimbursed in the United States. Nor have there been reports of the effects of DHD on end-stage renal disease (ESRD) global costs, which would help predict the financial impact of DHD on the ESRD program. Since 1996, 22 patients (20 in-center, 2 home) have switched from conventional thrice-weekly dialysis to short, daily dialysis with six treatments per week. Eighteen patients started for medical indications, and four started for nonmedical reasons. Causes of ESRD were the following: diabetes mellitus (6), hypertension (4), glomerulonephritis (6), hereditary (2), and other (4). Mean age was 56 ± 16 years. Patients had an average of 3.3 major comorbidities. Weekly conventional HD dialysis times were divided into six DHD treatments, each 2.0 ± 0.3 hours. Weekly Kt/V remained unchanged. Twenty-two patients were followed on DHD for 220 patient-months: 7 patients died after 1.8 ± 1.3 months, 2 were transplanted at 4.3 ± 3.2 months, and 2 discontinued DHD at 3.6 ± 4.8 months. Eleven patients remain on DHD at 17.4 ± 8.3 months. Actual costs per extra dialysis session are as follows: $14.30 for supplies and $3.20 for labor for setup/cleanup time (15 minutes at $12.80/hour). Annualized DHD savings are based on comparison of doses of epoetin alpha (Epogen) and blood pressure medication at the start and after 12 months of DHD. Hospitalization rates include all enrolled patients, comparing rates for the 12 months prior to DHD with the first year on DHD, or annualized rates for those on DHD less than one year. Cost assumptions are $9/ 1000 U Epogen, $1/blood pressure pill, and $1200/per day of hospitalization. Extra transportation costs were covered by the patients. No increased access problems were observed. For patients on short DHD longer than 12 months, supply and labor costs increased to $2733/patient/year; however, Epogen use was reduced 55%, and blood pressure medications were reduced 40%. For all patients who switched to DHD, hospitalization rates were reduced 24%. This resulted in a net savings of about $4241/patient/ year after 12 months on DHD. Overall ESRD costs were substantially decreased on DHD. These cost savings must be passed on to providers before DHD becomes more widely available.     

Purification and characterization of recombinant human erythropoietin from milk of transgenic pigs

BACKGROUND: Human erythropoietin (hEPO), a hydrophobic acidic glycoprotein responsible for the regulation of red blood cell production in mammals, is used for the treatment of anemia. In general, the purification of transgenic animal‐derived therapeutic proteins is not easy due to their low titer concentrations and abundant contaminant proteins. For the first time, here the purification and characterization of rhEPO from the milk of transgenic pigs are described. RESULTS: The rhEPO was purified by heparin chromatography, reverse‐phase chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography, resulting in a 16.5% yield and > 98% purity. The rhEPO purified from the milk of transgenic pigs contained less acidic isoforms and was underglycosylated in contrast to CHO‐derived rhEPO. Cell proliferation of the F‐36/EPO‐dependent cell line was proportional to the dose of transgenic pig‐derived rhEPO. CONCLUSION: Transgenic pig‐derived rhEPO with high purity was achieved after three‐step chromatography following two‐step precipitation. The transgenic pig‐derived rhEPO was demonstrated to have comparable potency with CHO‐derived rhEPO. Transgenic pig‐derived rhEPO may not be therapeutically feasible because of different glycosylation, and thus further studies are required to elucidate the effect of this aberrant glycosylation on the biological activity and stability in vivo. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Erythropoietin Modulates Autophagy Signaling in the Developing Rat Brain in an In Vivo Model of Oxygen-Toxicity

Autophagy is a self-degradative process that involves turnover and recycling of cytoplasmic components in healthy and diseased tissue. Autophagy has been shown to be protective at the early stages of programmed cell death but it can also promote apoptosis under certain conditions. Earlier we demonstrated that oxygen contributes to the pathogenesis of neonatal brain damage, which can be ameliorated by intervention with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo). Extrinsic- and intrinsic apoptotic pathways are involved in oxygen induced neurotoxicity but the role of autophagy in this model is unclear. We analyzed the expression of autophagy activity markers in the immature rodent brain after exposure to elevated oxygen concentrations. We observed a hyperoxia-exposure dependent regulation of autophagy-related gene (Atg) proteins Atg3, 5, 12, Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), LC3A-II, and LC3B-II which are all key autophagy activity proteins. Interestingly, a single injection with rhEpo at the onset of hyperoxia counteracted these oxygen-mediated effects. Our results indicate that rhEpo generates its protective effect by modifying the key autophagy activity proteins.     

Erythropoietin Action in Stress Response,Tissue Maintenance and Metabolism

Erythropoietin (EPO) regulation of red blood cell production and its induction at reduced oxygen tension provides for the important erythropoietic response to ischemic stress. The cloning and production of recombinant human EPO has led to its clinical use in patients with anemia for two and half decades and has facilitated studies of EPO action. Reports of animal and cell models of ischemic stress in vitro and injury suggest potential EPO benefit beyond red blood cell production including vascular endothelial response to increase nitric oxide production, which facilitates oxygen delivery to brain, heart and other non-hematopoietic tissues. This review discusses these and other reports of EPO action beyond red blood cell production, including EPO response affecting metabolism and obesity in animal models. Observations of EPO activity in cell and animal model systems, including mice with tissue specific deletion of EPO receptor (EpoR), suggest the potential for EPO response in metabolism and disease.     

重组人红细胞生成素质量控制体系研究

目的研究重组人红细胞生成素(rHuEPO)质量控制体系。方法用网织红细胞分析仪测活法测定rHuEPO体内生物学活性。比较不同的等电聚焦电泳条件、蛋白含量测定方法和牛血清白蛋白检测方法。按rHuEPO特点进行其他项目的检测。结果采用全自动网织红细胞计数仪检测rHuEPO体内生物学活性方法简便可靠;电泳时添加尿素可增加区带清晰度和条带清晰度;采用BSAELISA检测牛血清白蛋白含量可准确定量;免疫印迹试验可有效地检测rHuEPO成品质量。结论本研究建立了一套完善的rHuEPO质量控制体系。