Effective lightning protection schemes for distribution line

The causes of lightning outage are subdivided into direct lightning strokes and induced lightning strokes, which are identified by the characteristics of the lightning overvoltage. In the past, lightning protection devices were directed mainly toward the latter, and attention has been focused on the installation of lightning protection devices, ground wires, and reinforcement of insulators. However, lightning outages continue to occur. Thus it is extremely important to clarify the fault characteristics of lightning surges and to study the effectiveness of various lightning protection devices by considering both direct lightning stroke and induced lightning stroke in order to prevent lightning outage in the future. In this research, the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) has been applied to the direct lightning stroke, and the induced lightning outage analysis program for multiple conductor systems has been applied to the induced lightning stroke to study the effectiveness of lightning protection devices provided by combination of various lightning protection devices. The most effective lightning protection schemes are analyzed and evaluated based on verification tests on the full scale models as well as economic considerations.     

Estimating room temperatures from fires along walls and in corners

Determination of temperatures associated with room fires provides a means of assessing an important aspect of fire hazard: the likelihood of the occurrence of flashover. Layer temperatures in excess of 600°C have been associated with the occurrence of flashover. A data correlation has previously been presented to estimate layer temperatures for fires burning in the center of rooms. For fires in corners and along walls, restricted entrainment results in higher layer temperatures than predicted by the previous correlation. Modification factors for the previous correlation are developed to extend its applicability to wall and corner burning geometries. The present analysis suggests that a fire in a corner may cause flashover with only half the heat release rate necessary for a fire burning in the center of a room. Reference: Frederick Mowrer and Robert Williamson, Estimating Room Temperatures from Fires along Walls and in Corners,Fire Technology, Vol. 23, May 1987, pp. 133–145.     

典型工业粉尘地区复合绝缘子污秽成分及其闪络特性

近年来,盐城德隆镍业厂区附近数次发生输电线路外绝缘放电、污闪现象,且采用复合绝缘子后仍不能得到有效抑制,而临近的化工区却没无该情况发生。因此,本文对盐城电网辖区内镍厂、化工厂绝缘子进行污秽取样,开展了污秽化学成分分析测试,包括阴阳离子含量、不溶物元素组成、主要化合物成分等;继而基于成分分析结果,开展了混合污秽下的污闪特性试验,得到了不同污染源典型污秽成分下复合绝缘子的闪络特性。研究结果表明：化工厂和镍厂附近绝缘子污秽成分有一定的差异,体现在镍厂污秽成分含硝酸盐较多,而化工厂附近含氯盐较多;对于一大两小型复合绝缘子,其在镍厂典型污秽下的闪络梯度要比化工厂低5%-10%;对于重工业粉尘地区的外绝缘配置,建议采用一大一小型绝缘子来提高电气强度。     

110kV变压器分级绝缘中性点密封间隙

研制了一种密封间隙,可解决户外110kV变压器中性点保护装置存在放电分散性大、易受大气条件影响等固有缺陷.根据间隙技术要求,进行了触头试验,并选取少油断路器触头作为间隙电极,试验得到88mm的合理间隙值.放电试验结果表明:密封间隙的参数符合间隙技术条件,能与避雷器参数满足配合原则.该装置能够进行远方电动操作和就地电动或手动操作,现场试运行效果良好.     

基于支持向量机的复杂环境条件下绝缘子闪络电压的预测

在大型人工气候实验室对XZP-160绝缘子试验数据的基础上,提出了一种基于支持向量机的绝缘子闪络电压预测方法。支持向量机是以统计学习理论为基础的,采用结构风险最小化原则代替传统经验风险最小化原则的新型统计学习方法。该文以气压、覆冰、污秽程度等环境条件作为输入,绝缘子的闪络电压作为输出,对环境条件和闪络电压的关系进行训练,建立绝缘子闪络电压的预测模型。结果表明预测的闪络电压与实测结果基本一致。该方法为复杂环境条件下外绝缘的选择提供了一种新的途径。     

多通道伪火花放电开关及其半导体表面放电触发器研究

本文设计了典型参数下的同轴式三通道伪火花放电开关及其氧化锌表面放电触发器,进行了空气介质下的放电实验研究,测量了开关的放电曲线,给出了产生伪火花放电的气压范围,计算了开关的放电电流上升陡度,并与相同尺寸下的单通道伪火花开关进行了比较,试验结果表明,采用多通道结构后,开关的长期通流能力由单通道的40kA提高到120kA,电路的电流上升陡度也有很大提高(15%～20%),而电极烧损则大大降低。同时首次采用氧化锌半导体设计了开关的表面放电触发器。实验表明,对耐受电压37kV的伪火花开关,在气压不变的条件下,开关的可触发开关电压可低至440V;在30～2kV的放电电压下,放电电流的时延及其抖动分别为(100～500ns)和(20～50ns)。     

220kV主变开关断口闪络保护设计探讨

介绍了大型发电机变压器组装设开关断口闪络保护的必要性,并通过对珠海发电厂220kV主变开关断口闪络保护的分析,阐述了断口闪络与三相不一致两种故障现象的异同点及开关断口闪络保护原理、动作逻辑的完善。     

自适应式大型发电机误上电保护的研究

详细分析了误上电的起因及产生的种种危害，根据误上电的故障特征提出了一套完整的误上电保护新方案，该方案适应各种主接线，能够正确识别发电机未加励磁时发生的误合闸，断路器发生单相闪络和两相闪络及发电机以较大频率差非同期并网，为提高保护硬件的防误动，防拒动的性能，利用高性能嵌入式微处理器，构建了新颖的双CPU并行处理的硬件平台，针对发电机启停过程中频率大幅变化，用硬件实现频率判据的精确测量及电气量采样的频率跟踪。     

GIS绝缘子在冲击电压下沿面闪络的分析

利用计算和试验两种方法,对在SF_6气体中的绝缘子施加冲击电压下的电场及其引起的沿面闪络原因进行了剖析,指出在冲击电压作用下,增加屏蔽罩是减弱电极结构所引起的电场垂直分量的一条行之有效的途径;沿面闪络主要取决于电场分布的均匀度和绝缘子表面受周围环境导电微粒污染这两个基本因素;电极形状导致的局部场强增大,靠增加绝缘子沿面闪络距离不能明显提高沿面闪络电压。     

上海500kV电网雾闪事故分析

介绍了１９９６年１２月３０～３１日上海电网５００ｋＶ线路发生的４８次雾闪的情况，分析了发生的原因，提出了相应的对策。