氟吡菌酰胺及其代谢物在烟草种植和加工过程中的降解特征

为探究氟吡菌酰胺及其代谢物AE C656948-Benzamide在烟草种植和加工过程中的残留降解特征,建立了QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS）法检测烟叶中氟吡菌酰胺及其代谢物残留量。结果表明,在0.05~10 mg/kg添加水平下,氟吡菌酰胺在鲜烟叶和干烟叶中的平均回收率分别为86%~94%和81%~95%,AE C656948-Benzamide在鲜烟叶和干烟叶中的平均回收率分别为85%~91%和83%~89%,相对标准偏差（RSD）均<10%,定量限（LOQ）均为0.05 mg/kg。氟吡菌酰胺在田间前3 d内消解率>50%,后期消解缓慢。烘烤过程中,氟吡菌酰胺的消解率为58.1%,AE C656948-Benzamide的消解率为52.9%,加工因子（Pf）为0.42~0.47。陈化360 d,氟吡菌酰胺的消解率为1.8%,AE C656948-Benzamide未发生降解,Pf为0.99~1.54。总之,烟叶中的氟吡菌酰胺和AE C656948-Benzamide在烟草种植和烘烤过程中降解明显,在陈化过程降解甚少。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测草莓中氟吡菌酰胺和嘧霉胺的残留与消解

[目的]建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测草莓中氟吡菌酰胺和嘧霉胺残留分析方法,研究氟吡菌酰胺和嘧霉胺在草莓中的消解动态。[方法]草莓样品经乙腈提取,分散固相萃取方法(C18和PSA)净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行分析检测。[结果]在添加水平0.01~2 mg/kg范围内,氟吡菌酰胺和嘧霉胺在草莓中的平均回收率为91.8%~106.8%,相对标准偏差为0.7%~8.2%,方法的定量限为0.01 mg/kg。氟吡菌酰胺和嘧霉胺在草莓中的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,消解半衰期分别为7.2~8.2、4.1~7.5 d。[结论]该分析方法简便、精确、灵敏,适用于测定草莓中氟吡菌酰胺和嘧霉胺的残留量及半衰期,为安全用药提供建议。     

高收率氟吡菌酰胺中间体的绿色合成工艺

针对目前氟吡菌酰胺中间体（2-[3-氯-5-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基]乙胺(5)）合成路线长、操作复杂,产品收率低、工业生产成本高等问题,本文系统开展了(5)绿色合成工艺的研发。以2,3-二氯-5-(三氟甲基)吡啶(1)为原料,选择将亲核取代、脱羧两步反应合为一锅法制得2-[3-氯-5-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基]乙腈(3),之后将催化加氢还原和水解连续进行得到氟吡菌酰胺中间体(5)的盐酸盐。在一锅法中详细考察了溶剂、碱、pH等重要因素对收率的影响。优选溶剂为DMF、碱为无水碳酸钾、pH为0.5~1,产品(3)收率达到88.1%,纯度98.5%。在加氢还原和水解连续反应中探索了催化剂种类、加氢反应时间和温度以及水解中盐酸用量等影响。结果表明,采用5% Pd/C催化剂（型号R5K1）,在加氢反应温度15℃、反应时间12h、水解时38%浓盐酸用量为n_(HCl)∶n₍₃₎=5.5,产品(5)收率达78.8%,纯度为96.2%。同时,实现了工艺中各步溶剂以及Pd/C催化剂的高效回收套用,为该中间体的清洁工业生产提供了新技术支撑。     

Effects of Pesticides on Longevity and Bioenergetics in Invertebrates—The Impact of Polyphenolic Metabolites

Environmentally hazardous substances such as pesticides are gaining increasing interest in agricultural and nutritional research. This study aims to investigate the impact of these compounds on the healthspan and mitochondrial functions in an invertebrate in vivo model and in vitro in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and to investigate the potential of polyphenolic metabolites to compensate for potential impacts. Wild-type nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2) were treated with pesticides such as pyraclostrobin (Pyr), glyphosate (Gly), or fluopyram (Fluo). The lifespans of the nematodes under heat stress conditions (37 °C) were determined, and the chemotaxis was assayed. Energetic metabolites, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactate, and pyruvate, were analyzed in lysates of nematodes and cells. Genetic expression patterns of several genes associated with lifespan determination and mitochondrial parameters were assessed via qRT-PCR. After incubation with environmentally hazardous substances, nematodes were incubated with a pre-fermented polyphenol mixture (Rechtsregulat^®Bio, RR) or protocatechuic acid (PCA) to determine heat stress resistance. Treatment with Pyr, Glyph and Fluo leads to dose-dependently decreased heat stress resistance, which was significantly improved by RR and PCA. The chemotaxes of the nematodes were not affected by pesticides. ATP levels were not significantly altered by the pesticides, except for Pyr, which increased ATP levels after 48 h leads. The gene expression of healthspan and mitochondria-associated genes were diversely affected by the pesticides, while Pyr led to an overall decrease of mRNA levels. Over time, the treatment of nematodes leads to a recovery of the nematodes on the mitochondrial level but not on stress resistance on gene expression. Fermented extracts of fruits and vegetables and phenolic metabolites such as PCA seem to have the potential to recover the vitality of C. elegans after damage caused by pesticides.