基于模糊数学的低致敏营养餐包感官评价研究

以低致敏蛋白、微囊化油脂以及复合糖元为主要原料制备开发低致敏营养餐包。从粉体的颗粒特性、冲调特性和主客观感官特性等对餐包开展评价研究,利用模糊数学法对餐包冲调后的色泽、气味及滋味、组织状态进行感官评价;通过餐粉的均匀度、溶解稳定性、湿润性进行基本特性评定。结果表明：餐包粉体粒度分布与餐包冲调特性具有相关性,细粉颗粒（0~30 μm、0~50 μm、0~100 μm）与餐包冲调特性呈负相关性,与粗粉颗粒（200~500 μm）呈正相关性,即随细粉粉体颗粒体积不断增加,湿润时间不断增加,冲调特性逐渐变差;随粗粉粉体颗粒体积不断增加,湿润时间不断减少,则冲调特性不断加强。粉体粒径与餐包感官评分呈正向线性相关性,一定范围内,随粒径不断增大,感官评分不断加强,产品品质质量较好。该评价体系为完善低致敏营养包的加工工艺提供了理论依据。     

蟹类水产品过敏原及其致敏性消减技术研究进展

蟹类是我国重要的经济水产品,也是诱发过敏反应的主要食物之一。因此,了解蟹类水产品过敏原种类及抗原表位,探究有效的蟹类致敏性消减技术等极为迫切。阐明蟹类水产品过敏原及其抗原表位是消减其致敏性的重要前提,概述了国内外分离鉴定的蟹类水产品过敏原,包括原肌球蛋白、精氨酸激酶、肌质钙结合蛋白、磷酸丙糖异构酶、细丝蛋白c等;总结了利用生物信息学技术、噬菌体展示技术、一珠一化合物技术等定位分析蟹类水产品过敏原的线性表位和构象表位概况。比较了辐照技术、超声技术、美拉德反应技术、酶法交联技术、微生物发酵技术等现代加工处理方法,或修饰过敏原抗原表位或破坏过敏原蛋白质结构,从而消减蟹类水产品过敏原致敏性。着重分析了蟹类水产品过敏原的未来研究趋势,提出蟹类水产品过敏原结构与致敏性的构效关系解析是该领域的研究难点;对比了物理法、化学法、生物法在蟹类水产品致敏性消减方面的优缺点,提出未来重点发展复合加工处理方式,以便更大程度地降低过敏原致敏性,从而为低致敏性的蟹类食品或生物制品的开发提供技术依据。     

低植酸豆基配方粉的制备及消化特性

为提高婴儿豆基配方粉产品的营养性,本研究从降低植酸和提高消化性角度出发,开展低植酸豆基配方粉制备技术研究。将浸泡大豆进行热烫处理（质量分数3‰ NaHCO3溶液、（85±2） ℃、10 min）后打浆除渣、酸沉处理去除乳清获得的蛋白提取物,采用植酸酶酶解（加酶量1%、pH 5.15、温度50 ℃、酶解60 min）,使植酸去除率接近90%,采用中性蛋白酶实现了7S特异性酶解（加酶量0.5%、pH 7、温度45 ℃、酶解10 min）,由此获得的蛋白基料与脂肪、糖等复配成豆基粉。与豆乳粉、市售乳粉进行体外模拟消化性比较后发现,豆基配方粉在体外模拟的婴儿胃环境内几乎不形成凝块,有利于婴儿对大豆蛋白质的消化,提高婴儿食用后的舒适性;而且在小肠消化30 min后即可实现完全消化,具有良好的消化食用性。     

Molecular and Immunological Identification of Low Allergenic Fruits among Old and New Apple Varieties

About 50–70% of patients allergic to birch pollen suffer from sensitization after apple ingestion. Apple allergenicity was established in only few varieties. Studies were performed on apple fruits of 21 traditional and nine modern varieties organically, intensively, or integratively produced. The aim of the study was to assess whether the factors like cultivation method, maturity stage, genotype, or type of tissue place an impact on the allergenic potential of apples. To answer these questions, we used semiquantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Apple allergen genes present divergent expression across apple cultivars. Expression of the Mal d 1.06A correlates with the Mal d 1 level and is affected by the cultivation method and maturity of the fruit. The content of the main allergen Mal d 1 varied widely across cultivars. Interestingly, in our study, the Gala variety presented a low Mal d 1 concentration regardless of the cultivation method. Based on the Mal d 1.06A expression, the Mal d 1 protein content, and the immunoreactivity assay, the Kandil Sinap, Kosztela, Rumianka from Alma-Ata, Kantówka Gdańska, Reinette Coulon, and Gala cultivars emerged as potentially hypoallergenic apple cultivars. Our study allowed distinguishing between potentially low, medium, and highly allergenic varieties.     

Production of Hypoallergenic Foods from Apricots

ABSTRACT: Food allergy is a growing problem because more and more people are suffering from this kind of illness. Besides allergies to staple foods such as milk, fish, and eggs, many fruits are known to cause allergy; those of the family of Rosaceae , such as peaches and apricots, are prominent among them, especially in the Mediterranean area. In this work, we report on the results obtained when preparing hypoallergenic and anallergenic derivatives starting from fresh apricots. Protein extracts from 9 cultivars of apricot, either unpeeled or chemically peeled, were prepared and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting, to evaluate the presence of the allergen Pru ar 3, the main protein responsible for causing the oral allergy syndrome (OAS). The chemical peeling of fruits proved determinant for our aim and allowed us to develop a new production process for some hypoallergenic and anallergenic derivatives starting out from apricot purée, such as nectar, limpid juice, jam, and fruit jelly, which can be consumed as they are or used as fillings in yogurt, snacks, and so on.     

水产品过敏原的研究现状和展望

水产品作为人类食物的重要来源之一,其市场和消费群体不断扩大。与此同时,由水产品引发的食物过敏也日益增多,在联合国粮农组织公布的八大类过敏食物中,水产品就占了两大类。水产品过敏原有小清蛋白(Parvalbumin)、鱼卵蛋白(如鲑鱼的硫酸鱼精蛋白)和胶原蛋白(Collagen)、原肌球蛋白(Tropomyosin,TM)、精氨酸激酶(Arginine kinase)、肌球蛋白轻链(Myosin light chain)、肌钙结合蛋白(Sarcoplasmic calcium binding pro-tein)、血蓝蛋白亚基(Hemocyanin subunits)等。基于此,本文重点概述了国内外水产品过敏原及其加工脱敏技术的研究现状,以及今后水产品过敏原研究的发展趋势。     

美拉德反应调节食物过敏反应的研究进展

近年来食物过敏发生率急剧增加,已是全球关注的公共卫生问题。美拉德反应作为食品加工和储存过程中最重要的化学反应之一,过敏原蛋白被修饰后由于结构发生了变化,必然引起致敏性改变,进而可能引发机体对于不同处理条件的抗原免疫耐受不一致,导致过敏反应。本文首先介绍了美拉德反应修饰蛋白质的过程及机理,进而解析不同影响因素调节美拉德反应终产物对致敏性的影响,最后阐述影响肠道菌群及其免疫应答机制的相关研究进行综述,并对美拉德反应作为一种尚未被完全开发和应用的加工方式进行展望。     

Food allergy in dogs and cats: a review

Food allergy (FA) is defined as "all immune-mediated reactions following food intake," in contrast with food intolerance (FI), which is non-immune-mediated. Impairment of the mucosal barrier and loss of oral tolerance are risk factors for the development of FA. Type I, III, and IV hypersensitivity reactions are the most likely immunologic mechanisms. Food allergens are (glyco-)proteins with a molecular weight from 10-70 kDa and are resistant to treatment with heat, acid, and proteases. The exact prevalence of FA in dogs and cats remains unknown. There is no breed, sex or age predilection, although some breeds are commonly affected. Before the onset of clinical signs, the animals have been fed the offending food components for at least two years, although some animals are less than a year old. FA is a non-seasonal disease with skin and/or gastrointestinal disorders. Pruritus is the main complaint and is mostly corticoid-resistant. In 20-30% of the cases, dogs and cats have concurrent allergic diseases (atopy/flea-allergic dermatitis). A reliable diagnosis can only be made with dietary elimination-challenge trials. Provocation testing is necessary for the identification of the causative food component(s). Therapy of FA consists of avoiding the offending food component(s).     

Peanut Allergens: An Overview

Peanut is recognized as a potent food allergen producing one of the most frequent food allergies. This fact has originated the publication of an elevated number of scientific reports dealing with peanut allergens and, especially, the prevalence of peanut allergy. For this reason, the information available on peanut allergens is increasing and the debate about peanut allergy is always renewed. This article reviews the information currently available on peanut allergens and on the techniques used for their chemical characterization. Moreover, a general overview on the current biotechnological approaches used to reduce or eliminate peanut allergens is also provided.     

Immunoreactivity reduction of soybean meal by fermentation,effect on amino acid composition and antigenicity of commercial soy products

Food allergy has become a public health problem that continues to challenge both the consumer and the food industry. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the reduction of immunoreactivity by natural and induced fermentation of soybean meal (SBM) with Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Saccharomyces cereviseae, and to assess the effect on amino acid concentration. Immunoreactivity of commercially available fermented soybean products and ingredients was also evaluated. ELISA and western blot were used to measure IgE immunoreactivity using plasma from soy sensitive individuals. Commercial soy products included tempeh, miso and yogurt. Fermented SBM showed reduced immunoreactivity to human plasma, particularly if proteins were <20 kDa. S. cereviseae and naturally fermented SBM showed the highest reduction in IgE immunoreactivity, up to 89% and 88%, respectively, against human pooled plasma. When SBM was subjected to fermentation with different microorganisms, most of the total amino acids increased significantly (p < 0.05) and only few of them suffered a decrease depending on the type of fermentation. All commercial soy containing products tested showed very low immunoreactivity. Thus, fermentation can decrease soy immunoreactivity and can be optimized to develop nutritious hypoallergenic soy products. However, the clinical relevance of these findings needs to be determined by human challenge studies.