Exploring design trade-offs for achieving social inclusion in multi-tiered design problems

ABSTRACT

The digital age of the future is ‘not out there to be discovered’, but it needs to be ‘designed’. The design challenge has to address questions about how we want to live, work, and learn (as individuals and as communities) and what we value and appreciate, e.g.: reflecting on quality of life and creating inclusive societies. An overriding design trade-off for the digital age is whether new developments will increase the digital divide or will create more inclusive societies. Sustaining inclusive societies means allowing people of all ages and all abilities to exploit information technologies for personally meaningful activities. Meta-design fosters the design of socio-technical environments that end-user developers can modify and evolve at use time to improve their quality of life and favour their inclusion in the society. This paper describes three case studies in the domain of assistive technologies in which end users themselves cannot act as end-user developers, but someone else (e.g.: a caregiver or a clinician) must accept this role requiring multi-tiered architectures. The design trade-offs and requirements for meta-design identified in the context of the case studies and other researchers’ projects are described to inform the development of future socio-technical environments focused on social inclusion.     

Semirigid inclusions in elastic bodies: Mechanical interplay and optimal control

The paper concerns an analysis of an equilibrium problem for 2D elastic body with two semirigid inclusions. It is assumed that inclusions have a joint point, and we investigate a junction problem for these inclusions. The existence of solutions is proved, and different equivalent formulations of the problem are proposed. We investigate a convergence to infinity of a rigidity parameter of the semirigid inclusion. It is proved that in the limit, we obtain an equilibrium problem for the elastic body with a rigid inclusion and a semirigid one. A parameter identification problem is investigated. In particular, the existence of a solution to a suitable optimal control problem is proved.     

东营凹陷王庄-宁海地区流体包裹体分析与流体充注研究

利用流体包裹体分析技术，系统地分析了东营凹陷王庄-宁海地区覆盖所有含油层位的流体包裹体样品。包裹体荧光观察和均一温度特征分析揭示了包裹体发育期次为5期，说明该区油藏存在5次流体充注过程；据此确定了备期烃类的成藏期次。东营组沉积时期和明化镇组沉积末期的油气运聚均在成藏后遭受大气淡水淋滤和降解作用。沙三段原油可能经历至少2期稠油化作用。荧光观察进一步证实该区主要发生2期充注、2期成藏。     

无钴黑色陶瓷颜料中铬含量测定的新方法

本文以盐酸羟胺作还原剂,研究了三价铬与二甲酚橙的显色反应,结果发现Cr3 在0～80滋g/50ml范围内,其吸光度与Cr3 含量成正比相关,用于无钴黑色陶瓷颜料中铬含量的测定,作出了回归方程,且进行了显著性检验,获得了理想的结果。     

烧结NdFeB合金中的夹杂物

使用金相显微镜、扫描电镜及Ｘ射线能谱和波谱观察并分析了ＮｄＦｅＢ烧结材料中夹杂物的形态、数量和组成。磁粉制备后立即烧结的ＮｄＦｅＢ磁体中的夹杂物是氧化钕；而在不同环境条件下放置后的ＮｄＦｅＢ粉再烧结的材料中发现，除了氧化钕的夹杂物外，还有钕的氮化物及钕的氮氧复合夹杂物。同时还论讨了这些夹杂物对于ＮｄＦｅＢ材料磁性能的影响。     

冶金过程中复杂夹杂物和钢液化学平衡计算

本文提出一个同温冶炼过程中预测非金属夹杂物沉淀的计算机程序。本研究中，多元硅酸盐溶体的Ｇｉｂｂｓ自由能由基于统计热力学的晶胞模型来计算，该晶胞模型按照氧与周围的阳离子构成的对称和非对称晶胞来描述硅酸盐熔体结构，假定高温冶炼时认与非金属夹杂物平衡，钢液中氧化物元素的活度由Ｗａｇｎｅｒ交互作用系数来计算，利用本程序可以估计炼钢时沉淀的非金属氧化物的成分，为调整冶炼工艺和提高产品质量提供指导，进一步可计     

Physico-chemical properties of ceramic pigments for high-temperature application

Heat resistant coatings are required primarily for stacks, exhaust pipes, reactors, space crafts and similar equipments that are permanently or occasionally exposed to elevated temperatures. High-temperature coatings are generally based on silicone resin with ceramic and metallic pigments. In this study, iron oxide, cobalt oxide (thermo chromic compound) and aluminum oxide are used for the preparation of four new types of coloured pigments. The thermal resistant characteristics of these ceramic pigments were studied by differential thermal analysis, thermo gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. These ceramic pigments are found to be thermally stable up to 400 °C.     

The stress intensity factors for a short crack partially penetrating an inclusion of arbitrary shape

Some approximate solutions for predicting the stress intensity factor of a short crack penetrating an inclusion of arbitrary shape have been developed under mode I and mode II loading conditions. The derivation of the fundamental formula is based on the transformation toughening theory. The transformation strains in the inclusion are induced by the crack-tip field and remotely applied stresses, and approximately evaluated by the Eshelby equivalent inclusion theory. As validated by detailed finite element (FE) analyses, the developed solutions have good accuracy for different inclusion shape and for a wide range of modulus ratio between inclusion and matrix material.     

Effective factors on synthesis of the hematite–silica red inclusion pigment

The work focuses on the synthesis of a red ceramic pigment by inclusion of hematite in a fumed silica matrix with different specific surface areas. Iron(II) sulfate was used as hematite precursor. Mixtures of iron(II) sulfate and fumed silica with different mole ratios were heated at different temperatures from 1000 to 1300 °C for 4 h.