杀虫植物的研究新进展及应用发展前景

介绍了近几年杀虫植物研究的新进展，主要包括楝科、卫矛科、豆科、菊科、胡椒科、百部科、瑞香科等科杀虫植物的作用方式和部分植物的有效成分与作用机制及杀虫植物的应用概况，并分析了其应用发展前景。     

Persistence of nonprotein seed amino acid s-(β-carboxyethyl)-cysteine in young leaves ofCalliandra rubescens Ecological implications

The insecticidal nonprotein amino acid S-(-carboxyethyl)-cysteine (S-CEC) is the major free amino acid in the seeds of severalCalliandra spp. where it accounts for up to 2.9 % of dry weight. Lesser amounts of other related S-containing amino acids and an array of nonprotein imino acids derived from pipecolic acid are other constituents. High concentrations of imino acids, which also show insecticidal activity, are maintained in the mature leaves, but sulfur compounds are lacking. In this study the disappearance of S-CEC from the germinating seeds and young seedlings ofC. rubescens was monitored over time. After 10 weeks, S-CEC continues to be found in high concentrations in the stems and new leaves. As young leaves mature, sulfur compounds quickly decrease in concentration. Traces of S-CEC are found in new leaves of plants up to nine months after germination. Whether high concentration of S-CEC in young leaves is due to transportation from the seed or de novo synthesis is unclear. The ecological implications are discussed.     

溴取代苯甲酰胺类衍生物的合成及其应用

以氯虫苯甲酰胺(KC)为先导,以烯丙胺为原料,在不饱和双键上引入溴原子,设计并合成了一系列结构新颖的邻氨基苯甲酰胺类衍生物,其结构均经核磁共振氢谱确证。初步杀虫活性测试结果表明,在质量浓度为1μg·mL-1时,部分化合物对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)有杀虫活性。     

不同肟类N－甲基氨基甲酸酯的杀虫活性和离体胆碱酯酶抑制作用的研究

文中测定了一系列α－氰基甲酮肟和三氟甲基苯基甲酮肟类Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸酯的杀虫活性和抑制胆碱酯酶活性。α－氰基烷基甲酮肟类Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸酯具有极好的杀虫活性和抑制胆碱酯酶活性，而α－氰基苯基甲酮肟类衍生物仅仅呈现抑制胆碱酯酶活性。三氟甲基苯基甲酮肟类Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸酯具有有力的杀虫活性和胆碱酯酶抑制活性。     

水稻密码子优化的cry2A^＊基因在大肠杆菌中的表达及其表达产物的纯化

通过PCR从克隆载体puC18-3Z/Cry2A*上扩增水稻偏爱型密码子优化的抗虫基因cry2A*,经限制性内切酶Nde I和BamH I双酶切定向插入到原核表达载体pET-28a( ),成功构建了在表达蛋白的N端只带有6个组氨酸标签的融合蛋白表达载体pET-28a( )/Cry2A*,并转入人肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中.通过对其表达条件进行优化,发现在IPTG浓度为0.05mmol/L、诱导时问为3h、诱导温度为20℃的表达条件下目的蛋白大部分以可溶形式进行表达.采用Ni-NTA亲和柱纯化得到高纯度目的蛋白,薄层扫描分析蛋白纯度达到95%.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌对印度谷螟幼虫的致死作用

根据8株苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)的菌悬液对印度谷螟幼虫的生物测定结果,筛选出5株对该幼虫致死作用较好的Bt菌株。提取出5株Bt菌株的杀虫晶体蛋白,再对印度谷螟幼虫进行生物测定,结果表明:0.06 mL/g(饲料)的SC1-B3菌株杀虫晶体蛋白对印度谷螟幼虫的致死率达到100%,同样浓度的Bt33菌株杀虫晶体蛋白对印度谷螟幼虫的致死率超过70%,其余3株Bt的杀虫晶体蛋白致死率较低,致死率小于22.2%,但对印度谷螟幼虫的羽化有明显的抑制作用。     

牛皮消块根提取物的杀虫活性及活性成分研究

以牛皮消块根为研究对象,用乙醇提取其活性物质,测试提取物对小菜蛾的触杀活性,结果表明,提取物在浓度为50．00mg／mL时对小菜蛾有一定触杀活性,校正死亡率为83．33％。）41溶剂萃取和柱层析分离,得到杀虫活性成分,经结构鉴定,证明该化合物为β-谷甾醇。     

一株链霉菌的杀虫活性及分类鉴定初步研究

菌株Streptomyces SN336是以小菜蛾为筛选靶标,从辽宁省沈阳采集的土壤样品中分离得到的具有杀虫活性的菌株。采用叶片夹毒法和玻片浸渍法分别检测其对小菜蛾和二斑叶螨的杀虫活性,48h后校正死亡率分别为72.7%和59%。根据其形态学特征、生理生化特性初步鉴定认为,该菌株属于链霉菌属的金色链霉菌类群,值得深入研究。     

磺化富马酸胺的合成及表面活性和杀虫性能研究

以硫酸、富马酸和-乙醇胺为原料合成磺化富马酸-乙醇胺，探求反应的最佳工艺条件，研究所得产品的杀虫性能，结果表明该产物具有良好的表面活性，对农业害虫具有良好的防治杀虫效果，可以成为农药化学新材料。     

Structural Diversity and Defensive Properties of Norditerpenoid Alkaloids

We have tested the insect antifeedant and toxic activity of 43 norditerpenoid alkaloids on Spodoptera littoralis and Leptinotarsa decemlineata including eserine (physostigmine), anabasine, and atropine. Antifeedant effects of the test compounds were structure- and species-dependent. The most active antifeedants to L. decemlineata were 1,14-diacetylcardiopetaline (9) and 18-hydroxy- 14-O-methylgadesine (33), followed by 8-O-methylconsolarine (12), 14-O-acetyldelectinine (27), karakoline (7), cardiopetaline (8), 18-O-demethylpubescenine (13), 14-O-acetyldeltatsine (18), takaosamine (21), ajadine (24), and 8-O-methylcolumbianine (6) (EC50 < 1 microg/cm2). This insect showed a moderate response to atropine. S. littoralis had the strongest antifeedant response to 24, 18, 14-O-acetyldelcosine (19), and delphatine (29) (EC50 < 3 microg/cm2). None of the model substances affected the feeding behavior of this insect. The most toxic compound to L. decemlineata was aconitine (1), followed by cardiopetalidine (10) (% mortality > 60), 14-deacetylpubescenine (14), 18-O-benzoyl-18-O-demethyl-14-O-deacetylpubescenine (17), 14-O-acetyldelcosine (19), 14-deacetylajadine (25) and methyllycaconitine (30) (% mortality > 45). Orally injected S. littoralis larvae were negatively affected by 1, cardiopetaline (8), 10, 1,14-O-acetylcardiopetalidina (11), 12, 14, 1,18-O-diacetyl-19-oxo-gigactonine (41), olivimine (43), and eserine in varying degrees. Their antifeedant or insecticidal potencies did not parallel their reported nAChR binding activity, but did correlate with the agonist/antagonist insecticidal/antifeedant model proposed for nicotininc insecticides. A few compounds [14, tuguaconitine (38), 14-demethyldelboxine (40), 19, dehydrodelsoline (36), 18-O-demethylpubescenine (13), 41, 9, and delcosine (23)] had selective cytotoxic effects to ward insect-derived Sf9 cells. None were cytotoxic to mammalian CHO cells and none increased Trypanosoma cruzi mortality. The selective cytotoxic effects of some structures indicate that they can act on biological targets other than neuroreceptors.