The biodegradability of two primary alcohol ethoxylate nonionic surfactants under practical conditions,and the toxicity of the biodegradation products to rainbow trout

A field trial has been performed to measure the biodegradability of two typical alcohol ethoxylate nonionic surfactants, “Dobanol” 45-7 and “Dobanol” 45-11, by dosing them to biological filters in a mixture with domestic sewage. Influent levels were 10 and 25 mg l^?1 of each surfactant and 96–98% degradation was achieved within a temperature range of 5–10°C. The surfactants had no adverse effects on the filters in terms of the usual sanitary parameters (BOD, COD, TOC and ammoniacal nitrogen). Tests on the effluents indicated no residual acute lethal toxicity to rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri).     

Oxygen reduction on platinum electrodes in base: Theoretical study

Electrode-potential-dependent activation energies for electron transfer have been calculated using a local reaction center model and constrained variation theory for the oxygen reduction reaction on platinum in base. Results for four one-electron transfer steps are presented. For the first, O₂(ads) is predicted to be reduced to adsorbed superoxide, O₂⁻(ads), which dissociates with a low activation barrier to O(ads) + O⁻(ads). Then a proton transfer form H₂O(ads) to O⁻(ads) takes place, forming OH(ads) + OH⁻(aq). The second electron transfer reacts O(ads) with H₂O(aq) to form a second OH(ads) + OH⁻(aq). The third and fourth electron transfers react the two OH(ads) with two H₂O(aq) to form two H₂O(ads) + two OH⁻(aq). All three different surface reduction reactions are predicted to have reversible potentials in the −0.24 V(SHE) to −0.29 V(SHE) range for 0.1 M base and activation energies for the superoxide formation step are close to the experimentally observed range in 0.1 M base for the overall four-electron to water over the three low index (1 1 0) (1 0 0) and (1 1 1) surfaces: 0.38-0.49 eV at 0.35 eV respectively at 0.88 V(RHE). Predicted reversible potentials for forming O₂⁻(ads) are compared with estimates from the experimental literature. The difference between the acid mechanism, where the peroxyl radical, OOH(ads) is the first reduction intermediate, and the base mechanism, where superoxide, O₂⁻(ads) is the first reduction intermediate, is discussed.     

国外农药开发现状与中间体需求（2）

国外农药开发现状与中间体需求（２）刘长令（化工部沈阳化工研究院，沈阳１１００２１）三、新近开发的农药及中间体需求近几年新出现的农药类型很多，本文仅对部分类型（文献较多或参与公司较多的）予以介绍。１．吡啶系列农药吡啶类杀菌剂有已知的啶斑肟及新近开发的Ｉ...     

1-氯甲基磺酰胺类化合物的合成

以吡啶为催化剂,实现了氯甲基磺酰氯和芳香伯胺的磺酰化反应。考察了催化剂、溶剂、物料比、反应温度等条件对反应产率的影响。结果表明,最优反应条件为:n(胺)∶n(磺酰氯)=1∶1.3,吡啶为催化剂,二氯甲烷为溶剂,先0℃再室温下反应,反应时间为4～8h。在最优条件下,以42%～95%的产率合成了9种具有不同取代基的磺酰胺类化合物。利用IR、~1HNMR、~(13)CNMR对目标产物的结构进行了确证。     

新型头孢菌素药物及其中间体的合成

介绍了头孢菌素药物的现状及发展,同时综述了一些新型头孢药物。例如:头孢替安、头孢咪唑钠、头孢哌酮、头孢匹罗及重要中间体:1 [2 (N,N 二甲基氨基)乙基] 5 巯基1H 四氮唑、5,10 二氧5H,10H 二咪唑[1,5 α:1',5' α]吡嗪1,6 二碳酰二氯、2 氨基噻唑4 甲基异肟酸的合成方法。     

液晶中间体环己酮衍生物合成及应用进展

环己酮衍生物在液晶显示材料中占有非常重要的地位。综述了近年来广泛应用的6种环己酮衍生物液晶中间体,即4-烷基环己酮,4-(反式-4-烷基环己基)环己酮,4-(4-烷基苯基)环己酮,4-[2-(反式-4-烷基环己基)乙基]环己酮,单乙二醇缩-1,4-环己二酮及单乙二醇缩-4,4’-双环己二酮,反式-6-烷基-2-十氢萘酮的合成方法及其在液晶合成中的应用进展。     

The electrochemical reduction of VO2 in acidic solution at high overpotentials

An investigation has been carried out to attempt to understand the unusually low apparent symmetry factor observed during the reduction of V(5) at higher overpotentials at carbon electrodes (typically <0.13, or >460 mV decade⁻¹). This reaction is of interest because it occurs in vanadium redox-flow batteries (VRBs) during discharge. Polarisation curves were measured using a rotating disk electrode (RDE). The reaction was not solution mass transport controlled, was pH independent (ca from 0 to 1), and the observed Tafel slope was unaffected by V(5) concentration over a range from 0.031 to 280 mM. Electrode double layer capacitance measurements were also carried out in sulphuric acid with and without vanadium. These tests showed that the presence of V(5) caused a suppression of the normal carbon surface quinone pseudocapacitance, as well as the appearance of two new pseudocapacitance peaks, one around 0.175-0.2 V and the other around 0.675-0.725 V versus SCE. The observed results do not appear consistent with a precipitated film causing diffusion limitations or causing IR drop. A model is developed to try to explain the data, which involves electron transfer through an adsorbed layer of vanadium.     

The first measurement of an absolute surface concentration of reaction intermediates in ethylene hydrogenation

The first measurement of a turnover rate with respect to surface intermediate concentration in a high pressure heterogeneous catalytic reaction is reported. By using infrared-visible sum frequency generation to study the hydrogenation of ethylene on Pt(111), it was found that the surface concentration of -bonded ethylene, the key reaction intermediate, represented approximately 4% of a monolayer. Thus the absolute turnover rate per surface adsorbed ethylene molecule is 25 times faster than the rate measured per platinum atom. To explain these results, we propose a model of weakly adsorbed ethylene intermediates reacting on atop sites.     

On the rate of heterogeneous catalytic reactions with ionic intermediates

A facile way to compute the rate law of a catalytic reaction with ionic intermediates is proposed, based on the theory of complex reactions. When the ionic nature of intermediates is taken into account it is necessary to add balance equations which correspond to the electroneutrality of the catalyst. Several mechanisms of the olefin hydrogenation were considered as examples.     

急需开发的医药中间体--2-氰基吡嗪

2-氰基吡嗪是生产治疗结核病药物吡嗪酰胺的重要原料.目前仅日本实现了2-氰基吡嗪的工业化生产,主要生产商是日本的KOEI公司.全球2-氰基吡嗪的年需求量约为2600t,年产量约为1600t,市场缺口达1000t/a.我国生产吡嗪酰胺年需求2-氰基吡嗪600t/a,而其设计能力仅为300t/a,年进口量为480t.国内近几年对2-氰基吡嗪的合成研究较多.文章还对我国2-氰基吡嗪的发展提出了建议.