Characteristics of the reactive distillation column with a novel internal

A new catalyst loading method, in which catalyst particles are packed in a reactor with a novel internal, has been studied by measuring pressure drop, RTD, liquid holdup and mass transfer. It can be inferred from experimental results that the internal changes the conventional gas and liquid counter-current flow into a new cross-current flow, so the problems of excessive pressure drop and “flooding” are avoided. When pressure drop, liquid holdup, RTD and mass transfer coefficient are similar, the catalyst loading fraction of the new method is much higher than that of conventional methods. Furthermore, the reactive distillation reactor with the novel internal has advantages such as simple structure, low operating cost, and convenience for installation and removal of the catalyst.     

重钙装置改产磷铵后氨化造粒机内部构件的配置研究

重钙装置改产磷铵后,造粒机内的物料行为发生了变化,即“料浆涂布－水分蒸发－氨化反应”这一物理化学过程。喷氨孔与水平线的夹角是影响这一过程的重要因素,本文对夹角的确定进行了理论分析。在实验基础上,对造粒机预中和料浆喷头位置、氨分布管的长度和角度进行了重新配置。生产表明,重新配置的造粒机内部构件具有很好的造粒效果。     

Gas hold-up in non-newtonian solutions in a bubble column with internals

Bubble characteristics and gas hold-up were studied in a two phase (air-aqueous CMC solution) bubble column provided with helical coils and straight tubes as internals. The effects of superficial gas velocity, rheological properties, and volume fraction covered by the internals, on gas hold-up were studied. Hold-up values determined directly and by simultaneous pressure drop measurements matched well. Enhancement of gas hold-up values up to 55 per cent was achieved in systems using internals. The gas hold-up results were also compared with the values obtained from correlations reported in the literature.     

空压机国产节能增产内件投用总结

为提高合成氨的产量，对空压机作节能增产改造。介绍空压机国产节能增产件的特点、安装和大修情况，并通过机械性能和热力性能考核结果，说明国产件已基本达到预期目的     

广义线性系统模型跟踪控制的新方法

本文讨论广义线性系统的模型跟踪控制问题, 提出了一种新的设计方法,该方法无须对系统作状态变换,因而能保留系统模型所具有的物 理意义．文章证明了这种设计方法的状态变量都是有界的,并给出一个实际电路的仿真结果 来证实这种设计方法的有效性．     

Influence of ring-type internals on the solids residence time distribution in the fuel reactor of a dual circulating fluidized bed system for chemical looping combustion

The intensification of gas-solids contact in the fuel reactor of a chemical looping combustion system is enhanced with the installation of ring-type internals. This can be a key issue for achieving the necessary fuel conversion rates. Wedged rings, previously designed and tested, were found to increase the particle concentration in the counter current section of the fuel reactor and hence, to achieve a more homogeneous particles concentration along this zone. The present work investigates the effect of the mentioned internals on the residence time distribution of particles in the fuel reactor of a dual circulating fluidized bed system for chemical looping. The study was carried out in a cold flow model especially designed for the fluid-dynamic analysis of the system equipped with a recently developed residence time measurement device based on the detection of ferromagnetic tracer particles through inductance measurement. Ring internals proved the positive effect on the particles residence time, the residence time distribution is more symmetric and shows lower dispersion, the flow pattern is more plug-flow-like, these effects are intensified with the reduction of the aperture ratio of the rings. On the other hand, the upward particle transport in the counter-current zone of the fuel reactor also increases with the installation of the rings, increasing the bypass flow of solids through the fuel reactor's return loop (internal circulation). For high internal circulation rates the solids residence time distribution of the fuel reactor is dominated by the bypass effect. The findings may be used for focused design improvement of the investigated fluidized bed system.     

The Impact of Tower Internals on Packing Performance

The overall tower performance is influenced by the type of both tower internals and random packing. The Raschig GmbH's most recent development is the Raschig Super‐Ring^®, the fourth generation of random packings. In 1998, the Raschig Super‐Ring No. 2 was tested at the facilities of Fractional Research Inc. A significantly improved capacity and pressure drop over other random packing was observed without reducing the efficiency. A recent retesting of Raschig Super‐Ring No.2 using new tower internals revealed that the revised tower internals further improved the performance. Raschig has noticeable experience in designing liquid distributors.     

ZF-内冷绝热轴径向氨合成塔内件应用总结

介绍了Φ1000mmZF-内冷绝热轴径向氨合成塔内件结构及特点、催化剂的装填、升温还原及投入使用后的情况。氨合成塔内件及催化剂更换后,系统运行稳定,塔阻力由0.8MPa(双塔并联)下降至0.5MPa(单塔),系统压力由28.4MPa降至25.9MPa,同时氨产量提高了10t/d。     

上流式反应器气液相间传质特性的实验研究

上流式反应器设置在固定床渣油加氢反应器前有利于提高渣油原料适用性,延长装置运行时间。实验研究了上流式反应器气液相间传质,采用五齿柱形氧化铝催化剂模拟工业催化剂颗粒,水溶液模拟渣油,空气模拟氢气,采用无氧水物理吸收和亚硫酸钠化学吸收的方法,测定了在高气液比的条件下上流式反应器床层气液相间传质特性实验。考察了表观气速、表观液速、填料粒径、内构件、催化剂级配和床层高径比对液相体积传质系数和气液相界比表面积的影响规律。实验数据表明,液相体积传质系数随着气、液速的增大而增大;随填料颗粒增大而减小;在床层内安装合适的内构件或增大反应器高径比,能够促进气液相间传质。基于实验数据拟合了适合上流式反应器液相体积传质系数和气液相界比表面积的经验关联式,拟合误差最大分别为12%和24%;表明所建气液相间传质的经验关联式能更好地预测上流式反应器中的气液相间传质特性。     

圆筒型填料的性能研究

针对一种开有两层相互交错窗孔并带有齿形结构弧片的新型圆筒型填料,在内径为600mm的有机玻璃塔内,采用空气-水物系,研究了它的流体力学性能;在内径为600mm的不锈钢塔内,采用环己烷-正庚烷物系,在常压、全回流的情况下,研究了它的传质性能;在内径为300mm的有机玻璃塔内,研究了分别以圆筒型填料、固定阀塔板和复合塔板为塔内件时脱除工业废水中丙烯腈的效果。实验结果表明,圆筒型填料的齿状结构改善了气液两相在填料层中的微流动和液体分布;与鲍尔环填料相比,当F因子为1.0～3.0kg0.5/(m0.5.s)时,圆筒型填料的干床压降降低了23%～40%;当喷淋密度为20m3/(m2.h)、F因子为1.0kg0.5/(m0.5.s)时,湿床压降降低了约40%;圆筒型填料的液泛点提高;当F因子为1.0～2.5kg0.5/(m0.5.s)时,等板高度比鲍尔环填料降低了11%～20%;当采用圆筒型填料作为塔内件时,丙烯腈脱除率比固定阀塔板高约8%,比复合塔板稳定。