β晶型成核剂改性聚丙烯纤维研究

研究了含 0 .2 5 %β晶型成核剂 (酰胺化合物 )的聚丙烯 Z3 0 S及其纤维的力学性能、晶型结构和微观形态。通过纺丝 -拉伸实验和力学性能测试、广角 X射线衍射分析、SEM观察 ,发现成核改性后生成了β晶型聚丙烯 (K值约为 75 .3 % ) ,抗冲性能大幅度提高。β晶型聚丙烯在纺丝卷绕过程中发生了β晶型→α晶型转变 ,纤维中产生约 10 %微孔隙 ,改性纤维的力学性能有所降低。     

Crystal transformation from the α- to the β-form upon tensile drawing of poly(l-lactic acid)

A film of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) consisting of highly oriented α crystals was uniaxially drawn by tensile force. The effects of the draw ratio (DR), draw temperature (T_d), and draw stress on the crystal/crystal transformation from the α- to the β-form crystals were studied. At the initial stage of drawing, the highly oriented α crystals of the starting film transformed into a broader orientation distribution, and significant crystal disorder was introduced. Upon further drawing, the α crystals steadily transformed into β crystals with increasing the DR. For the drawing at a constant T_d, the crystal transformation proceeded more efficiently at a higher draw rate and, hence, at a higher draw stress. Furthermore, for the drawing at a constant draw rate, the transformation proceeded with DR most efficiently for the tensile draw at a T_d around 140 °C, although the draw stress increased with decreasing the T_d. The present result combined with the previous finding in the drawing of PLLA by solid-state extrusion [Macromolecules 36 (2003) 3601] suggests that there is a T_d of around 140 °C at which the crystal transformation proceeds most efficiently with DR, suggesting that there are two factors that have opposite effects on the efficiency of the crystal transformation with increasing the T_d. However, as a result of the combined effects of the T_d and DR on the crystal transformation and the ductility increase with the T_d, an oriented film consisting predominantly of β crystals was obtained by tensile drawing at a T_d in the range of 140-170 °C to the highest DR achieved at each T_d.     

Carbon nanotube–polyaniline composites

The last decade has seen a growing interest in hybrid electrically conducting nanocomposites. This article aims to provide a detailed overview of the present status of research in carbon nanotube–polyaniline (CNT/PANI) composites, from processing to structural and property evaluations. CNT/PANI are synthesized by electrochemical and chemical processing. When chemical methods are used, the main challenge is to obtain processable CNT/PANI in the emeraldine salt (ES) form composites. Stable dispersions of ES–CNT in organic media are prepared using the post doping method, inverse emulsion polymerization, or ex situ polymerizations. On the contrary, stable water dispersions of CNT/ES are prepared using hydrophilization of a preformed CNT/ES composite, direct synthesis of micelle–CNT hybrid templates, interfacial polymerization, covalent functionalization of CNT with a water soluble polymer, or using electrostatic interactions between two oppositely charged ES and CNT aqueous colloids. Moreover, the strategies for the synthesis of ternary CNT/PANI composites incorporating noble metal nanoparticles, metal oxide, or graphene sheets are also presented and analyzed in depth. Finally, we give a review of potential applications, including chemical sensors, capacitors, fuel cells and electronic devices.     

Chromophore‐Linked Substrate (CLS405): Probing Metallo‐β‐Lactamase Activity and Inhibition

Serine‐ and metallo‐β‐lactamases present a threat to the clinical use of nearly all β‐lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. Efforts to develop metallo‐β‐lactamase (MBL) inhibitors require suitable screening platforms to allow the rapid determination of β‐lactamase activity and efficient inhibition. Unfortunately, the platforms currently available are not ideal for this purpose. Further progress in MBL inhibitor identification requires inexpensive and widely applicable assays. Herein the identification of an inexpensive and stable chromogenic substrate suitable for use in assays of clinically relevant MBLs is described. (6R,7R)‐3‐((4‐Nitrophenoxy)methyl)‐8‐oxo‐7‐(2‐phenylacetamido)‐5‐thia‐1‐azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct‐2‐ene‐2‐carboxylic acid 5,5‐dioxide (CLS405) was synthesised in a three‐step protocol. CLS405 was then characterised spectroscopically, and its stability and kinetic properties evaluated. With a Δλ_max value of 100 nm between the parent and hydrolysis product, a higher analytical accuracy is possible with CLS405 than with commonly used chromogenic substrates. The use of CLS405 in assays was validated by MBL activity measurements and inhibitor screening that resulted in the identification of N‐hydroxythiazoles as new inhibitor scaffolds for MBLs. Further evaluation of the identified N‐hydroxythiazoles against a panel of clinically relevant MBLs showed that they possess inhibitory activities in the mid‐ to low‐micromolar range. The findings of this study provide both a useful tool compound for further inhibitor identification, and novel scaffolds for the design of improved MBL inhibitors with potential as antibiotics against resistant strains of bacteria.     

Plasmonic Crystals: A Platform to Catalog Resonances from Ultraviolet to Near‐Infrared Wavelengths in a Plasmonic Library

Surface plasmons are responsible for a variety of phenomena, including nanoscale optical focusing, negative refraction, and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering. Their characteristic evanescent electromagnetic fields offer opportunities for sub‐diffraction imaging, optical cloaking, and label‐free molecular sensing. The selection of materials for such applications, however, has been traditionally limited to the noble metals Au and Ag because there has been no side‐by‐side comparison of other materials. This feature article describes recent progress on manipulating surface plasmons from ultraviolet to near‐infrared wavelengths using plasmonic crystals made from 2D nanopyramidal arrays. A library of plasmon resonances is constructed in the form of dispersion diagrams for a series of unconventional and new composite plasmonic materials. These resonances are tuned by controlling both intrinsic factors (unit cell shape, materials type) and extrinsic factors (excitation conditions, dielectric environment). Finally, plasmonic crystals with reduced lattice symmetries are fabricated as another means to tailor resonances for broadband coupling.     

Nanotubular surface and morphology of Ti-binary and Ti-ternary alloys for biocompatibility

The nanotubular surface of Ti-binary and Ti-ternary alloys for biomaterials has been investigated using various methods of surface characterization. Binary Ti-xNb (x = 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt.%) and ternary Ti-30Ta-xNb (x = 3, 7 and 15 wt.%) alloys were prepared by using the high-purity sponges; Ti, Ta and Zr spheres. The nanotube on the alloy surface was formed in 1.0 M H₃PO₄ with small additions of NaF (0.5 and 0.8 wt.%), using a potentiostat. For cell proliferation, an MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast was used. The surface characteristics were investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Binary Ti-xZr alloys had a lamellar and a needle-like structure, whereas, ternary Ti-30Ta-xZr alloys had equiaxed grains with a lamellar martensitic α′ structure. The thickness of the needle-like laths of the α-phase increased as the Zr content increased. The nanotubes formed on the α phase and β phase showed a different size and shape appearance with Zr content. As the Zr content increased from 3 to 40 wt.%, the diameter of the nanotubes in Ti-xZr and Ti-30Ta-xZr alloy decreased from 200 nm to 50 nm. The nanotubular Ti-30Ta-15Zr alloy surface with a diameter of 50 nm provided a good osseointegration; cell proliferation, migration and differentiation.     

提高催化重整反应选择性的反应路径设计与研究

基于分子模拟对正庚烷脱氢环化过程中的决速步骤反应能垒进行理论分析,提出降低决速步骤反应能垒的可行途径,设计出通过增强双分子氢负离子转移反应提高重整反应选择性的反应路径。根据此反应思路,制备了含硼硅分子筛的催化剂,考察了不同模型化合物的催化重整反应性能。结果表明,与含硼硅β分子筛的催化剂和氧化铝重整催化剂单独使用相比,将2种催化剂机械混合后使用可以获得更高的芳烃产率和更低的气体产率。以1-己烯、环己烷和正庚烷为模型化合物的催化重整反应验证了混合催化剂具有更高氢转移活性。该新反应路径对半再生重整和连续再生重整催化剂均具有适用性。     

水中总α、总β放射性实验的影响因素及测量方法讨论北大核心CSCD

利用低本底α、β测量仪,通过一系列比较实验和数据获得影响水中总α、总β放射性活度的实验因素。按照现行国标中的标准曲线法进行实验并分析关系曲线的拟合结果;采用^(241)Am和^(40)K标准粉末源进行串道干扰实验;最后利用热释光测量仪分析影响样品源计数值的因素。结果表明:“质量厚度净计数率”关系曲线线性拟合结果良好,可应用在实验计算中;在测量放射性活度较高的水样时,α通道对β通道产生的串道干扰需进行修正;样品源制备完毕后,不宜立刻测量,应贮存在干燥低本底的环境中,贮存后应用红外灯干燥足够长的时间并完全冷却后进行测量。     

CO+H2经F-T反应途径选择性合成汽油馏分异构烷烃

采用两段串联固定床反应器,以Co/SiO₂ 作为F-T合成催化剂,以β分子筛负载金属作为加氢裂解/异构化催化剂,研究了从合成气经F-T反应途径一步法选择性合成汽油馏分异构烷烃的反应性能。结果表明,两段固定床系统的F-T合成产物主要为C₁～C₁₀烃,而且异构烷烃的选择性较高（I/C⁺₄≈70%）。同时,钯盐前驱体对0.5%Pd/β的加氢裂解/异构化反应性能有很大影响。保持金属总负载质量分数为0.5%,在Pd/β中引入少量Pt或Ni,可以明显改善催化剂活性和稳定性。