甲基苯丙胺免疫层析测试条的研制

采用枸橼酸三钠还原氯金酸制备胶体金颗粒，标记甲基苯丙胺单克隆抗体，制成免疫层析测试条，建立了一种简易快速、自测式胶体金免疫层析法，并用于尿液中甲基苯丙胺的检测。尿液中的甲基苯丙胺与测试条上金标记抗体结合后沿着硝酸纤维素膜移动，与膜上的固相二抗或抗原结合，根据是否出现肉眼可见的红色线条判断人体尿液中是否含有甲基苯丙胺。结果显示，甲基苯丙胺免疫层析测试条只与甲基苯丙胺发生特异性反应，符合中国药品生物制品检定所制定的检测甲基苯丙胺标准品的标准，灵敏度为1000μg／L，与典型的麻醉药物和镇静药物无交叉反应。甲基苯丙胺免疫层析测试条检测尿液中的甲基苯丙胺具有特异性强、灵敏度高、结果显示清楚、快速、简便、省时、实用等特点。     

Transcriptional Profiling of Whisker Follicles and of the Striatum in Methamphetamine Self-Administered Rats

Methamphetamine (MA) use disorder is a chronic neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent binge episodes, intervals of abstinence, and relapses to MA use. Therefore, identification of the key genes and pathways involved is important for improving the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. In this study, high-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to find the key genes and examine the comparability of gene expression between whisker follicles and the striatum of rats following MA self-administration. A total of 253 and 87 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in whisker follicles and the striatum, respectively. Multivariate and network analyses were performed on these DEGs to find hub genes and key pathways within the constructed network. A total of 129 and 49 genes were finally selected from the DEG sets of whisker follicles and of the striatum. Statistically significant DEGs were found to belong to the classes of genes involved in nicotine addiction, cocaine addiction, and amphetamine addiction in the striatum as well as in Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases in whisker follicles. Of note, several genes and pathways including retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and the synaptic vesicle cycle pathway were common between the two tissues. Therefore, this study provides the first data on gene expression levels in whisker follicles and in the striatum in relation to MA reward and thereby may accelerate the research on the whisker follicle as an alternative source of biomarkers for the diagnosis of MA use disorder.     

吸毒现场吸毒工具中的甲基苯丙胺分析

Based on the details in the case, the analysis method of methamphetamine was built up, which is supposed to be used for in vitro material taken from the criminal scene. It is suggested that GC-FID is first used for methamphetamine concentration scanning. Thus, according to the results, the sample could be concentrated or diluted for the next GC/MS analysis. Using this procedure, the satisfying result was achieved.     

Methamphetamine impairs sexual motivation but not sexual performance in male Japanese quail.

The present study investigated the effects of chronic pre-exposure to methamphetamine on sexual motivation and performance in male Japanese quail. Quail were pre-exposed to methamphetamine (1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg ip) or saline (ip) once daily for 10 days and locomotor activity was measured. After a 10 day washout period, sexual motivation was measured in a straight-arm runway with visual access to a female at one end. Three to 5 hr after sexual motivation tests, males were allowed to copulate with a receptive female quail and copulatory behavior was assessed. Tests were conducted once per day for 10 days. Results showed that males pre-exposed to methamphetamine had decreased locomotor activity compared to saline controls. Males pre-exposed to METH later ran slower toward a female in the runway and spent less time near her. In contrast, methamphetamine pre-exposed males showed similar copulatory behavior as saline pre-exposed males. The findings suggest that chronic pre-exposure to methamphetamine may impair sexual motivation but not sexual performance. The findings are discussed from a comparative perspective and with regard to their clinical relevance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

“摇头丸”片剂的GC／MS检验

对一例缉获的"摇头丸"片剂毒品进行了GC/MS快速定性、定量检验,检出主要毒品成份为甲基苯丙胺,添加剂有麻黄素、咖啡因、氯胺酮,并对其含量和合成情况进行了分析.工作曲线为C(mg/L)=3.281 7×10-6×A+0.015 92,相关系数r=0.997 2;平均回收率90.3%,标准偏差0.65,变异系数1.3%(n=5);样品含量为7.35%.为分析、推断该类毒品的制作过程提供了一定的借鉴作用.     

Differential effects of methamphetamine and haloperidol on the control of an internal clock.

Humans and animals process temporal information as if they were using an internal stopwatch that can be stopped and reset, and whose speed is adjustable. Previous data suggest that dopaminergic drugs affect the speed of this internal stopwatch. Using a paradigm in which rats have to filter out the gaps that (sometimes) interrupted timing, the authors found that methamphetamine and haloperidol also affect the stop and reset mechanism of the internal clock, possibly by modulating attentional components that are dependent on the content and salience of the timed events. This is the fist report of both clock and attentional effects of dopaminergic drugs on interval timing in the same experimental setting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Norepinephrine Protects against Methamphetamine Toxicity through β2-Adrenergic Receptors Promoting LC3 Compartmentalization

Norepinephrine (NE) neurons and extracellular NE exert some protective effects against a variety of insults, including methamphetamine (Meth)-induced cell damage. The intimate mechanism of protection remains difficult to be analyzed in vivo. In fact, this may occur directly on target neurons or as the indirect consequence of NE-induced alterations in the activity of trans-synaptic loops. Therefore, to elude neuronal networks, which may contribute to these effects in vivo, the present study investigates whether NE still protects when directly applied to Meth-treated PC12 cells. Meth was selected based on its detrimental effects along various specific brain areas. The study shows that NE directly protects in vitro against Meth-induced cell damage. The present study indicates that such an effect fully depends on the activation of plasma membrane β2-adrenergic receptors (ARs). Evidence indicates that β2-ARs activation restores autophagy, which is impaired by Meth administration. This occurs via restoration of the autophagy flux and, as assessed by ultrastructural morphometry, by preventing the dissipation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) from autophagy vacuoles to the cytosol, which is produced instead during Meth toxicity. These findings may have an impact in a variety of degenerative conditions characterized by NE deficiency along with autophagy impairment.     

Deficient Strategic Control of Verbal Encoding and Retrieval in Individuals With Methamphetamine Dependence.

Methamphetamine (MA) dependence is associated with deficits in episodic verbal memory, but the cognitive mechanisms underlying such impairments are not known. The authors evaluated a component process model of episodic verbal memory in 87 persons with MA dependence (MA+) and 71 demographically similar non-MA-using controls (MA-). Compared with MA- controls, MA+ participants demonstrated deficient overall learning, free recall, and utilization of semantic clustering, as well as higher rates of repetitions and intrusions. No between-groups differences were evident on measures of serial clustering, retention, or recognition discrimination. Taken together, these findings indicate that MA dependence is associated with deficient strategic (i.e., executive) control of verbal encoding and retrieval, which is consistent with the sequelae of MA-related prefronto-striatal circuit neurotoxicity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RGS4和D2受体信号通路相关分子在甲基苯丙胺依赖CPP大鼠纹状体的表达变化

目的:研究甲基苯丙胺(methamphetamine, METH)依赖条件性位置偏爱(conditioned place preference, CPP) 实验大鼠纹状体G蛋白信号调节因子4(regulator of G-protein signal 4,RGS4)和多巴胺D2受体(dopamine receptor D2)信号通路相关分子的表达变化。方法: 建立METH依赖CPP大鼠 1周组、2周组,应用蛋白质印迹(Western blot)测定各组大鼠纹状体RGS4和D2、抑制性G蛋白α亚基(inhibitory G protein α-subunit,Gαi)、丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)蛋白表达的变化;应用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定各组大鼠纹状体环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)含量的变化。结果: 与生理盐水对照组相比,METH依赖1周组、2周组大鼠在伴药箱的平均停留时间明显延长(P<0.05)。与生理盐水对照组相比,RGS4蛋白在METH依赖1周、2周组的表达均明显下降(P<0.01),且与METH依赖1周组相比,2周组的下降更为明显(P<0.05);与生理盐水对照组相比, D2、Gαi、MAPK蛋白以及cAMP在METH依赖1周、2周组的表达均明显升高(P<0.01),且与METH依赖1周组相比,2周组的升高更为明显(P<0.05)。结论:在METH依赖的CPP大鼠纹状体中,RGS4和D2受体信号传导通路相关分子发生了改变,RGS4可能参与了METH依赖的CPP大鼠纹状体D2受体信号传导通路的调节。     

Baclofen facilitates the extinction of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.

The powerful, long-lasting association between the rewarding effects of a drug and contextual cues associated with drug administration can be studied using conditioned place preference (CPP). The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen facilitates the extinction of morphine-induced CPP in mice. The current study extended this work by determining if baclofen could enhance the extinction of methamphetamine (Meth) CPP. CPP was established using a six-day conditioning protocol wherein Meth-pairings were alternated with saline-pairings. Rats were subsequently administered baclofen (2 mg/kg i.p. or vehicle) immediately after each daily forced extinction session, which consisted of a saline injection immediately prior to being placed into the previously Meth- or saline-paired chamber. One extinction training cycle, consisted of six once-daily forced extinction sessions, mimicking the alternating procedure established during conditioning, followed by a test for preference (Ext test). CPP persisted for at least four extinction cycles in vehicle-treated rats. In contrast, CPP was inhibited following a single extinction training cycle. These data indicate that Meth-induced CPP was resistant to extinction, but extinction training was rendered effective when the training was combined with baclofen. These findings converge with the prior demonstration of baclofen facilitating the extinction of morphine-induced CPP indicating that GABAB receptor actions are independent of the primary (unconditioned) stimulus (i.e., the opiate or the stimulant) and likely reflect mechanisms engaged by extinction learning processes per se. Thus, baclofen administered in conjunction with extinction training may be of value for addiction therapy regardless of the class of drug being abused. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)