Characterization of Oleogels Based on Waxes and Their Hydrolyzates

In this paper, the structuring of liquid oils, also known as oleogelation, is systematically investigated for the first time using a quasi-quaternary mixing system approach. Native waxes with different quantities of wax esters (WE), n-alkanes (hydrocarbons (HC)), fatty acids (FA), and fatty alcohols (FaOH) are applied in mixtures with hydrolyzed waxes to systematically change the composition. Hydrolyzed waxes contain high levels of FA and FaOH. The model systems are investigated on microscopic level (brightfield light microscopy (BFM), cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM)) as well as on their macroscopic properties (rheology, gel hardness) and calorimetric behavior (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)). It is found that sunflower wax (SFW)-based gels (12% structurant) become less hard on any admixture. Beeswax (BW)-based gels show significant increases in hardness when 25% and 50% (w/w) hydrolyzate are admixed. This could be related to stepwise crystallization. Further analysis reveals that the dissolution/melting behavior of the wax ester mixtures can be surprisingly well described as ideal solubility of a single pseudocomponent. The approach to unravel the individual contributions of the different species present in waxes is successful and marks a first step to better understand the systematic of wax functionality as oleogelators. Practical Application: The substitution of hardstock fats in structured oil phases is of interest for two reasons. The improved nutritional profile oleogels offer are beneficial for public health while the elimination of palm oil based ingredients appears to be a general public desire. Among the technical solutions for non-TAG oil structuring waxes are very promising. This is primarily due to their availability, prior consumption, potentially low cost for functionality. Currently waxes are technically and scientifically wrongly treated as single components. In order to better utilize the potential of waxes and design future sourcing strategies it is necessary to understand the wax functionality at a compositional/molecular level. This contribution marks the first step into this direction by considering classes of molecules with respect to their contribution to functionality. This understanding is considered as a key for future compositional design.     

Effects of physical refining on contents of waxes and fatty alcohols of refined olive oil

Changes in the contents of waxes and fatty alcohols during deodorization/physical refining of bleached olive oil were studied. Experiments were carried out with 1.85% acidity oil, which was physically refined in a discontinuous deodorizer of 250-kg maximum capacity using nitrogen as stripping gas instead of steam. The variables studied were load and temperature of oil in the deodorizer as well as N₂ flow. Analyses of waxes and alcohols were carried out at different operation times. The maximum content of wax was always observed when the oil reached the deodorization temperature. The variation in the wax content depended on temperature and N₂ flow. Wax decomposition started and continued during the operating time, and a progressive decrease, which was pronounced between 3 and 4 h, was observed. Small changes in waxes were observed between 4 and 5 h. Total content of fatty alcohols diminished throughout the operating time, and changes did not depend on the variables studied.     

Free primary alcohols in oils and waxes from germs,kernels and other components of nuts,seeds, fruits and cereals

The composition of free primary alcohols in oils and waxes obtained from the germ, kernel, seed coat, shell and skin (peel) of various nuts, seeds, fruits and cereals and from the chrysalis of silkworm was examined. These alcohols are usually present in small amounts, along with large quantities of hydrocarbons, esters and glycerides in oils and waxes. Thus, it is necessary to remove hydrocarbons, esters and glycerides to analyze the alcohols. We found that preparative reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was the best way to isolate alcohols from oils and waxes. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) then detected hexacosanol, octacosanol and triacontanol in the oils and waxes. Octacosanol usually was the predominant alcohol. Relationships between the organs from nuts, seeds, fruits and cereals and the contents of octacosanol are suggested. For example, degermed kernels contained two times more octacosanol than the germ, and the skin coat and shell contained one-half and one-fortieth the octacosanol of the germ, respectively.     

Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in eight populations of Atlas Pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf., Anacardiaceae)

A comparative analysis was undertaken to conduct a micromorphological study of Pistacia atlantica leaves by comparing different populations grown under different climatic conditions. Leaf epidermis of eight wild populations was investigated under scanning electron microscope. Micromorphological characteristics (epidermis ornament, stomata type, waxes as well as trichomes) of the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were examined. The epidermis ornament varied among populations and leaf surface, the abaxial leaf surface is reticulate with a striate surface. Messaad site shows a smooth uneven surface. The adaxial leaf surface is smooth but several ornamentations can be seen. The leaflet is amphistomatic; the stomata appeared to be slightly sunken. A variety of stomatal types were recorded; actinocytic and anomocytic types are the most frequent. The indumentum consisted of glandular and nonglandular trichomes. Unicellular glandular trichomes are recorded for P. atlantica leaves in this study. Their density is higher in Oued safene site, located at the highest altitude in comparison with the other populations. The wax occurred in all the sites and its pattern varied according to the populations studied, particularly between Berriane and Messaad. The morphological variability exhibited by the eight populations of P. atlantica may be interpreted as relevant to the ecological plasticity and the physiological mechanisms involved are discussed in this report.     

AMV降凝剂分子结构的Monte Carlo模拟优化研究

针对降凝剂分子结构的设计和优化问题,本文运用Monte Carlo模型模拟研究了丙烯酸十八酯-马来酸酐-醋酸乙烯酯三元共聚物（AnMmVp）同原油蜡烃组分间的相容性。以理论计算结果为依据指导合成了AMV共聚物降凝剂,并进行了红外表征和实验验证,实验结果表明,当亲油基团（丙烯酸十八酯,AA18）与极性基团（马来酸酐-醋酸乙烯酯,MA—VA）摩尔比为8：2时,二者混合能最低,原油对A8M1V1降凝剂感受性最佳,凝点降低值达8℃,是理想的原油降凝剂结构,这与理论计算结果基本一致。该研究为原油降凝剂分子结构的设计和优化提供了有效涂释。     

超细煤粉再燃技术及其低NO_x排放分析

超细煤粉再燃技术是燃煤电站实现低NOx排放的关键技术之一.结合超细煤粉再燃机理,对低NOx排放的主要影响因素:燃料特性、煤粉细度、在再燃区的停留时间、再燃区反应温度、再燃燃料比和过量空气系数等进行了综合分析,得出了只要燃烧条件选择合理,采用低挥发分的烟煤代替高挥发分的烟煤或褐煤作为再燃燃料也是可行的结论.     

Dynamic changes in wax and cutin compounds and the relationship with water loss in 'Red Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' apples during shelf life

Knowledge of the dynamic composition changes of combined cuticular wax and cutin in apples during their shelf life is scarce. Therefore, this issue was addressed using GC-MS analyses of the respective epidermal components in 'Red Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' apples at 5 days intervals during the shelf life of 25 days. Water loss from the apples was also assessed. The proportion of total n-alkanes decreased in cuticular wax, whereas total acids increased gradually, and cutin monomer content significantly changed during the first 5 days. The predominant wax compound, nonacosane (C₂₉), decreased by 40.13% and 26.22% in 'Red Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' apples, respectively. The cutin monomers 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoic acid (10,16-diOH C_16:0) and 9,10,18-trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid (9,10,18-triOH C_18:0) were detected only at the beginning of shelf life in apples of both cultivars. Regression analysis indicated that the rate of water loss significantly correlated with eight components. Our results expand the understanding of the dynamics of both wax and cutin compounds in postharvest apples and help to target specific compounds to maintain the quality of apples throughout their shelf life.     

再燃燃料超细煤粉燃尽特性的实验研究

超细煤粉作为燃料分级燃烧技术中的再燃燃料具有可行性,可有效降低NOx的排放,由于再燃区和燃尽区的反应比较复杂,存在再燃燃料燃尽效果不稳定的现象.从煤种、粒度、过量空气系数、氧浓度、炉膛温度等几个因素分析,认为针对不同的煤种,合适的空气流量和燃尽区炉膛温度是提高再燃燃料燃尽的必要条件.     

矿渣基轻质多孔地质聚合物的制备与孔结构研究

以矿渣微粉为主要原料,硅酸钠和氢氧化钠混合溶液为碱性激发剂,铝粉为发泡剂,制备地质聚合物基轻质多孔材料,系统研究了发泡剂、水灰比以及萘系减水剂对材料孔结构与物理性能的影响。结果表明,Al粉在碱性激发剂作用下快速反应生成H₂,促使地质聚合物浆体泡沫化形成多孔材料,且材料的干密度和抗压强度随Al粉掺量的增加迅速降低。当Al粉掺量超过0.40%(质量分数,下同),泡孔急剧增大,导致泡孔聚并,强度显著降低。提升水灰比可降低泡孔生长阻力,促使密度快速减小。但水灰比＞0.40后,浆体黏度和激发剂浓度显著降低,凝结时间延长,孔径增大,结构劣化,其最优水灰比为0.35。此外,萘系减水剂可有效调节多孔地质聚合物的孔结构,仅添加0.4%的萘系减水剂即可促使孔径分布均一,孔壁完整性提升,试样抗压强度提升。     

当归微粉化片剂的研制与质量控制

目的 制备一种新型片剂——当归微粉化片剂,并建立其质量控制方法。方法 将当归进行微米级别的超微粉碎,与辅料均匀混合后,用粉末直接压片法制备片剂;用薄层色谱法对处方中主药材进行定性鉴别;用高效液相色谱法测定片剂中阿魏酸的含量。结果 阿魏酸在0.512～102.4μg·m^L-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 6）,平均加样回收率为99.17%,RSD=1.47%（n=5）。结论 本法简便、准确,可用于此制剂的质量控制;微粉化当归片中阿魏酸的含量高于市售当归片。