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INTROGRESSING PHEROMONE QTL BETWEEN SPECIES: TOWARDS AN EVOLUTIONARY UNDERSTANDING OF DIFFERENTIATION IN SEXUAL COMMUNICATION 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Groot AT Ward C Wang J Pokrzywa A O'Brien J Bennett J Kelly J Santangelo RG Schal C Gould F 《Journal of chemical ecology》2004,30(12):2495-2514
As a first step toward understanding how noctuid moths evolve species-specific pheromone communication systems, we hybridized and backcrossed two closely related moth species, Heliothis virescens (Hv) and H. subflexa (Hs), which differ qualitatively and quantitatively in their multi-component sex pheromone blends. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker-based mapping of backcross families to determine which of the 30 autosomes in these moths contained quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the percentages of specific chemical components in the pheromone blends. In two previous backcrosses to Hs, we found a strong depressive effect of Hv-chromosome 22 on the percentage of three acetate components in the pheromone gland. These acetates are present in Hs and absent in Hv. Here, we describe how we introgressed Hv-chromosome 22 into the genomic background of Hs. Selection for Hv-chromosome 22 started from backcross 3 (BC3) females. All females that had Hv-chromosome 22 and a low percentage of acetates (< 3% of the total amount of pheromone components present) were backcrossed to Hs males. In BC5 to BC8, we determined whether Hv-chromosome 22 was present by a) running only the primer pairs that would yield the markers for that chromosome, and/or b) determining the relative percentages of acetates in the pheromone glands. Either or both genotype and phenotype were used as a criterion to continue to backcross these females to Hs males. In BC9, we confirmed the isolation of Hv-chromosome 22 in the Hs genomic background, and backcrossed the males to Hs females to eliminate the Hv-sex chromosome as well as mitochondrial DNA. The pheromone composition was determined in BC3, BC5, and BC11 females with and without Hv-chromosome 22. All backcross females with Hv-chromosome 22 contained significantly less acetates than females without this chromosome. In addition, BC3 females with Hv-chromosome 22 contained significantly more Z11-16:OH than BC3 females without Hv-chromosome 22. However, in BC5 and BC11 females, the correlation between Z11-16:OH and Hv-chromosome 22 was lost, suggesting that there are separate QTL for the acetates and for Z11-16:OH, and that the relative amount of the alcohol component is only affected in epistasis with other (minor) QTL. Now that we have succeeded in isolating the chromosome that has a major effect on acetate production, we can test in behavioral experiments whether the presence of acetates may have been a driving force for a shift in pheromone composition. Such tests are necessary to move towards an evolutionary understanding of the differentiation in sexual communication in Heliothis spp. moths. 相似文献
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高Co—Ni超高强度合金钢在482℃等温回火处理,首先析出渗碳体,回火30min后,针状合金碳化物M2C以共格方式从基体α—Fe中析出.回火时间延长到10h以上,M2C仍与基体间保持良好的共格关系,该共格关系会随过时效而失去.高分辨电镜观察表明,M2C的尺寸r和回火时间t接近r^2αt关系,明显偏离扩散控制的三次方关系的经典LSW粗化理论,对相近的合金钢材料有关M2C析出动力学实验数据进行分析得到相似的结论.这不仅和第二相碳化物的形态有关,还与多组元扩散的体系相关,表明经典理论不完全适合多组分的碳化物粗化行为从经典扩散理论出发,考虑针状沉淀相多元扩散问题,得到的针状相粒子粗化方程与实验结果吻合. 相似文献
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V.N. Zhitomirsky 《Surface & coatings technology》2007,201(13):6122-6130
Binary Nb-N coatings, ternary Ti-Nb-N and Zr-Nb-N, and multi-layer TiN/NbN coatings consisting of up to 100 alternating TiN and NbN layers, were deposited onto WC-Co substrates, using two different vacuum arc deposition (VAD) systems: with and without magnetic guiding of the metal plasma flow. Binary Nb-N coatings were fabricated by deposition of metal plasma produced by a Nb cathode in a background of reactive nitrogen gas at different pressures, P. Ternary coatings were fabricated at co-deposition of plasmas originating from two different cathode materials. Multilayer coatings were fabricated by alternatively depositing plasmas of Ti and Nb in reactive nitrogen gas. The crystalline coating structure, phase composition, hardness and critical load for coating failure were studied.For binary Nb-N coatings fabricated using both deposition systems, the phase composition, the Vickers hardness, HV, and the critical load strongly depended on the deposition pressure. Using VAD with magnetic plasma guiding, the highest HV of ∼ 42 GPa was measured for coatings deposited at low nitrogen pressure. These coatings contained a hexagonal β-Nb2N phase and had a relatively low critical load. The highest critical load and HV ∼ 38 GPa were obtained for coatings consisted of a single phase NaCl-type cubic δ-NbN structure, deposited at a higher nitrogen pressure. The structure and properties of Nb-N coatings deposited using VAD without magnetic plasma guiding had a similar correlation with the deposition pressure, however, their hardness values were lower.Ternary Ti-Nb-N and Zr-Nb-N coatings fabricated by both deposition processes had a single phase cubic NaCl-type structure and the hardness higher than that of the binary nitrides TiN, ZrN and NbN. The hardest coatings, HV ∼ 51.5 Pa, deposited with magnetic plasma guiding had a single-phase cubic δ-(Ti,Nb)N structure and a Ti:Nb ratio of ∼ 50:50 (at.%).Multilayer coatings TiN/NbN consisting of 20-40 alternating TiN and NbN layers with total thickness of 4-5 μm increased the life time of cemented carbide cutting inserts at turning tough Ni-base alloys by 2-7 times relative to uncoated cutting tools, while conventional vacuum arc deposited TiN coatings were not effective in machining of these alloys. 相似文献
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R. Ahmadi 《国际生产研究杂志》2016,54(17):5303-5316
Given a reward structure, this paper addresses an optimal replacement problem for complex multi-component systems. To maintain revenue stream resulting from system, the system is inspected according to a homogeneous Poisson process and certain actions are carried out in response to the system state. Decisions are based on a performance measure described by a Squared Bessel process. Given some assumption, we explore the inherent relation between the Squared Bessel process and an extended Gamma (EG) process. Since there are some flow of income and increasing costs due to inspections, the problem is to optimally stop processing the system and carrying out a renewal to maximize the reward functional. To this end, using the local characteristics of the EG process as a stopping criterion and the expected total discounted reward as a measure of policy, this paper aims at determining an optimal operating (stopping) time which truly balances both income and cost and so maximizes the expected discounted reward over a cycle. In support of the model a numerical example is provided to show feasibility of this programme in real application. Attention is restricted to perfect repair and inspection, but the paper provides the structure so that different scenarios can be explored. 相似文献
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以发展多元多相合金的凝固理论为目标,探讨了多组元合金自由能描述方法及其凝固过程的热力学平衡条件。多组元合金的自由能是由各组成元素的自由能、原子的组合排列引起熵的变化决定的理想混合自由能和由原子间交互作用引起的附加自由能三部分决定的。其中附加自由能的描述是难点,通常通过实验结果的拟合获得。固相的析出条件可通过自由能最低的热力学原理预测,而固相和液相成分的相关性则可通过化学位相等的热力学原理计算。在实际应用中,可以借鉴相图计算方法进行凝固过程的热力学分析,进而获得相图精细结构的数值计算结果。以Al Mg Si合金为算例,进行了三元合金热力学平衡条件的分析。以该热力学平衡条件计算结果为基础,引入对固相和液相中扩散过程的分析,则可实现多组元合金凝固路径的预测。 相似文献
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Zhao Guangwei Li XinZhong Xu Daming Guo JingJie Fu Hengzhi Du Yong He Yuehui 《中国铸造》2012,9(3):269-274
On the basis of a multi-length scale modeling,a mixture-averaged multi-component/multiphase microsegregation model was proposed without pre-set function for the micro-scale solute profile.The model exp... 相似文献
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