Consumer perception of extruded snacks containing brown rice and dried mushroom

Effects of mushroom type, seasoning and health benefit information (HBI) on consumers’ saltiness expectation, sensory liking, elicited emotions and purchase intent (PI) of extruded snacks were investigated. Five snacks were evaluated: straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) extrudates without (SME) or with seasoning (SMES), phoenix mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) extrudates without (PME) or with seasoning (PMES), and the control without mushroom and seasoning. Hedonic scores and positive emotions were generally higher for seasoned mushroom-containing snacks (SMES and PMES) with 65% and 75.83% of consumers reporting willingness to purchase, respectively, after receiving HBI. Bored, interested and satisfied were identified as significant emotional predictors for PI odds. Flavour, saltiness, overall liking, bored, good and interested were critical attributes, differentiating snacks. This study demonstrated that sensory liking and PI of extruded brown rice-based snacks containing mushroom could be improved through savoury seasoning addition, which also allowed saltiness expectations to be met.     

Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms

Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of Inocybe mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.     

Enzymic browning of sulphocatechol

When sulphur dioxide inhibits the enzymic browning of catechol catalysed by mushroom tyrosinase, the main reaction product is 4-sulphocatechol. When assessed for its browning potential, this product appears to be unreactive and does not inhibit the enzyme.     

Factors Affecting 1-Octen-3-ol in Mushrooms at Harvest and During Postharvest Storage

Harvesting experiments revealed that immature whole mushrooms with closed veils had higher 1-octen-3-0l levels than more mature whole mushrooms with open veils. The l-octen-3-01 content of the gills was higher in immature mushrooms with closed veils, gradually decreased with maturity as the veil opened, and finally increased after the gills were well exposed. Postharvest experiments demonstrated that storage temperature influenced the activity of lipoxygenase-hydroperoxide lyase, but no differences in 1-octen-3-01 content were observed. Enzyme activity as well as 1-octen-3-01 content decreased during storage. Addition of calcium chloride to irrigation water, employed to improve quality and shelf life of fresh mushrooms, increased the amount of l-octen-3-01 immediately after harvest.     

中药降香对酪氨酸酶激活作用的动力学研究

酪氨酸酶是生物合成黑素的主要酶。降香有促进酪氨酸酶活性的作用。通过对中药降香的水提取液和乙醇提取液促进酪氨酸酶活性作用的观察研究及降香提高酪氨酸酶活性的动力学观察研究，得到Lineweaver-Burk曲线、动力学回归方程及米氏常数Km值。为研究中药有效成分激活黑素细胞的机理奠定了基础。     

Application of enzymatically gelled chitosan solutions to water‐resistant adhesives

An investigation was undertaken on the application of dilute chitosan solutions gelled by tyrosinase‐catalyzed reaction with 3,4‐dihydroxyphenethylamine (dopamine). The tyrosinase‐catalyzed reaction with dopamine conferred water‐resistant adhesive properties to the semidilute chitosan solutions. The viscosity of the chitosan solutions increased highly by the tyrosinase‐catalyzed reaction and the subsequent reactions between o‐quinone compounds and chitosan. These highly viscous, gel‐like modified chitosan materials were allowed to spread onto the surfaces of the glass slides, which were tightly lapped together and held them in water. Tensile shear adhesive strength of over 400 kPa was observed for the modified chitosan samples. The increase in the amino group concentration of the chitosan solutions and the molecular mass of the chitosan used effectively led to the increase in adhesive strength of the glass slides. In addition, in the case where the chitosan solution was gelled by the enzymatic reaction with dopamine in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol), adhesive strength sharply increased at shorter reaction times concomitantly with the increase in the viscosity of the chitosan solutions because the tyrosinase activity effectively was retained by poly(ethylene glycol). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1818–1827, 2007     

Olfactory aposematism

Visual and acoustic cues may serve as aposematic signals that warn predators of poisonous foods. Olfactory aposematism, the use of innocuous odors as warning signals for toxic foods, is another possible means of alerting an animal that a potential food item is unpalatable. Although it has been suggested that olfactory aposematism might be the principle mode of warning utilized by plants in their defense against herbivores, experimental evidence is lacking. This study demonstrates that the opossum,Didelphis virginiana, can utilize an innocuous volatile compound found naturally in a mushroom as a warning signal for a delayed illness caused by mushroom toxin. This supports the contention that characteristic odors of toxic plants may serve a warning function, protecting herbivores from being poisoned and plants from being consumed.     

Tyr/MWNTs-Chit/GCE生物传感器的制备及其在快速检测大肠杆菌中的应用

该文基于多壁碳纳米管(muhiwalled carbon nanotubes,MWNTs)-壳聚糖(Chit)复合物修饰电极制备了灵敏、稳定的酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase.Tyr)生物传感器.由于MWNTs-Chit复合物具有好的生物兼容性以及电催化能力,Tyrr/MWNTs-Chit/GCE生物传感器在苯酚的检测中具有高灵敏度(412 mA/mo1),低检测限(5.0nmol/L),较宽的线性范围(1.0×10-8～2.8×10-5mol/L)以及良好的稳定性(10天后仍保持93%的活性).把Tyr/MWNTs-Chit/GCE生物传感器进一步应用于大肠杆菌的检测,大肠杆菌在104～107 cfu/mL范围内与电流响应成正比;经过5.0 h的培养,进一步降低大肠杆菌的检测限至10 cfu/mL.     

碳源和氮源对平菇（PH06）菌丝生长的影响

试验选取四种碳源及每种碳源七种不同浓度,同时选取六种氮源每种氮源七种不同浓度,进行对比试验从中选出适合平菇（PH06）菌丝生长的最佳碳源及氮源.实验证明,固体培养基中平菇（PH06）菌丝生长的最佳碳源是浓度为1.5%可溶性淀粉.最佳氮源是浓度为0.7%蛋白胨和浓度为0.7%酵母粉,最佳碳氮源组合是浓度为0.5%的麦芽糖与浓度为0.7%的酵母粉.