Exposure to repeated social stress may cause maladaptive emotional reactions that can be reduced by healthy nutritional supplementation. Histaminergic neurotransmission has a central role in orchestrating specific behavioural responses depending on the homeostatic state of a subject, but it remains to be established if it participates in the protective effects against the insults of chronic stress afforded by a healthy diet. By using C57BL/6J male mice that do not synthesize histamine (Hdc−/−) and their wild type (Hdc+/+) congeners we evaluated if the histaminergic system participates in the protective action of a diet enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A on the deleterious effect of chronic stress. Behavioural tests across domains relevant to cognition and anxiety were performed. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, cytokine expression, hippocampal fatty acids, oxylipins and microbiota composition were also assessed. Chronic stress induced social avoidance, poor recognition memory, affected hippocampal long-term potentiation, changed the microbiota profile, brain cytokines, fatty acid and oxylipins composition of both Hdc−/− and Hdc+/+ mice. Dietary enrichment counteracted stress-induced deficits only in Hdc+/+ mice as histamine deficiency prevented almost all the diet-related beneficial effects. Interpretation: Our results reveal a previously unexplored and novel role for brain histamine as a mediator of many favorable effects of the enriched diet. These data present long-reaching perspectives in the field of nutritional neuropsychopharmacology. 相似文献
Mitochondrial function is generally accepted as important for expression of yeast flocculation. In this study, a correlation between mitochondrial activity and flocculation is demonstrated using the XTT reduction assay. The mitochondrial activity of strongly flocculent cells was higher than those of weakly flocculent cells and cells cultivated in the presence of acetylsalicylic acid. Furthermore, we show the first oxylipin‐containing flocculation binding sites on yeast cell surfaces using scanning electron microscopy. We propose that in addition to zymolectin‐mediated flocculation, oxylipin interactions may also play a role in yeast flocculation. 相似文献
In recent years, public pressure to reduce the use of synthetic fungicides in agriculture has increased. Concerns have been raised about both the environmental impact and the potential health risk related to the use of these compounds. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made towards the development of alternative crop protectants. The European Commission has been actively encouraging the development and commercial implementation of new compounds known as 'green chemicals'. In this context, an increase in the knowledge of plant defence responses to toxigenic fungi, which is covered in this review, will help to discover new plant products with antifungal activity and to design new strategies to improve plant resistance to these pathogens. 相似文献
Oxylipins constitute a family of oxidized fatty acids, that are well known as tissue hormones in mammals. They contribute to inflammation and its resolution. The major classes of these lipid mediators are inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) as well as pro-resolving resolvins (Rvs). Understanding their biosynthetic pathways and modes of action is important for anti-inflammatory interventions. Besides mammals, marine algae also biosynthesize mammalian-like oxylipins and thus offer new opportunities for oxylipin research. They provide prolific sources for these compounds and offer unique opportunities to study alternative biosynthetic pathways to the well-known lipid mediators. Herein, we discuss recent findings on the biosynthesis of oxylipins in mammals and algae including an alternative pathway to prostaglandin E2, a novel pathway to a precursor of leukotriene B4, and the production of resolvins in algae. We evaluate the pharmacological potential of the algal metabolites with implications in health and disease. 相似文献
Not just another P450 : Shown here is a model of the overall structure of CYP74C3 with the putative membrane‐binding region that is required for enzyme activation. Members of the CYP74 family of cytochrome P450 enzymes are specialised in the metabolism of hydroperoxides and play an important role in oxylipin metabolism, which is one of the main defence mechanisms employed by plants.
Gibberella stalk rot (GSR) by Fusarium graminearum causes significant losses of maize production worldwide. Jasmonates (JAs) have been broadly known in regulating defense against pathogens through the homeostasis of active JAs and COI-JAZ-MYC function module. However, the functions of different molecular species of JAs and COI-JAZ-MYC module in maize interactions with Fusarium graminearum and regulation of diverse metabolites remain unknown. In this study, we found that exogenous application of MeJA strongly enhanced resistance to GSR. RNA-seq analysis showed that MeJA activated multiple genes in JA pathways, which prompted us to perform a genome-wide screening of key JA signaling components in maize. Yeast Two-Hybrid, Split-Luciferase, and Pull-down assays revealed that the JA functional and structural mimic coronatine (COR) functions as an essential ligand to trigger the interaction between ZmCOIa and ZmJAZ15. By deploying CRISPR-cas9 knockout and Mutator insertional mutants, we demonstrated that coi1a mutant is more resistant, whereas jaz15 mutant is more susceptible to GSR. Moreover, JA-deficient opr7-5opr8-2 mutant displayed enhanced resistance to GSR compared to wild type. Together, these results provide strong evidence that ZmJAZ15 plays a pivotal role, whereas ZmCOIa and endogenous JA itself might function as susceptibility factors, in maize immunity to GSR. 相似文献
The lipoxygenase pathway in sunflower roots was studied in vitro. A preliminary incubation of linoleic acid with 15 000 g supernatant of homogenate of sunflower roots (1.5-6 days after germination) revealed the predominant activity of 13-lipoxygenase. The exogenously added linoleic acid 13-hydroperoxide is further utilized through two competing pathways. One of them is directed towards formation of the ketodiene (9Z,11E)-13-oxooctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid. The second pathway, which is controlled by allene oxide synthase, leads to the formation of an alpha-ketol and a novel cyclopentenone, rac-cis-12-oxo-10-phytoenoic acid (12-oxo-PEA) via a short-lived allene oxide. Unexpectedly, the cyclopentenone 12-oxo-PEA is the predominant allene oxide synthase product. Identification of cis-12-oxo-PEA was confirmed by its UV, mass, (1)H NMR and 2D-COSY spectral data. The highest yield of 12-oxo-PEA is observed in very young roots (1.5-2 days after germination). The results of methanol-trapping experiments demonstrate that both 12-oxo-PEA and alpha-ketol are formed through the unstable allene oxide intermediate, (9Z)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, which is the primary product of allene oxide synthase. Since 12-oxo-PEA is a jasmonate congener, its biosynthesis in plants might be of physiological importance. 相似文献
Sensory circumventricular organs (sCVOs) are pivotal brain structures involved in immune-to-brain communication with a leaky blood–brain barrier that detect circulating mediators such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we aimed to investigate the potential of sCVOs to produce n-3 and n-6 oxylipins after LPS-stimulation. Moreover, we investigated if norepinephrine (NE) co-treatment can alter cytokine- and oxylipin-release. Thus, we stimulated rat primary neuroglial sCVO cultures under n-3- or n-6-enriched conditions with LPS or saline combined with NE or vehicle. Supernatants were assessed for cytokines by bioassays and oxylipins by HPLC-MS/MS. Expression of signaling pathways and enzymes were analyzed by RT-PCR. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α bioactivity and signaling, IL-10 expression, and cyclooxygenase (COX)2 were increased, epoxide hydroxylase (Ephx)2 was reduced, and lipoxygenase 15-(LOX) was not changed by LPS stimulation. Moreover, LPS induced increased levels of several n-6-derived oxylipins, including the COX-2 metabolite 15d-prostaglandin-J2 or the Ephx2 metabolite 14,15-DHET. For n-3-derived oxylipins, some were down- and some were upregulated, including 15-LOX-derived neuroprotectin D1 and 18-HEPE, known for their anti-inflammatory potential. While the LPS-induced increase in TNFα levels was significantly reduced by NE, oxylipins were not significantly altered by NE or changes in TNFα levels. In conclusion, LPS-induced oxylipins may play an important functional role in sCVOs for immune-to-brain communication. 相似文献