PAHs代谢物对PAHs生物降解的影响作用

分别研究了芽胞杆菌CN2降解蒽产生的代谢物对蒽生物降解的影响和菲产生的代谢物对菲生物降解的影响.试验结果表明:(1)外加蒽(或菲)代谢物,对蒽(或菲)的降解均表现出促进作用.蒽156 h累计去除率可提高3.07%～6.10%,菲60 h累计去除率可提高13.14%～30.35%.(2)在芽胞杆菌CN2作用下,蒽(或菲)生物降解过程能够用一级动力学方程式较准确地描述,外加代谢物可以增大降解反应表观速率常数k值;从不同时段内蒽(或菲)的降解速率看,反应初期0～2 h内,外加代谢物对蒽(或菲)的降解速率提高最为明显,对蒽可提高0.281～1.20 mg/L·h,对菲可提高0.570～1.13 mg/L·h.(3)外加代谢物对蒽(或菲)降解液的pH值有缓冲作用,使降解液的pH值随降解时间下降趋势减缓.     

应用Markov理论定量描述土壤剖面中菲的垂向运移分布特征

马尔可夫(Markov)链理论是用来描述随时间(空间)变化的一个离散状态序列的状态转移特性的,本文将其引入来研究土壤剖面多环芳烃有机污染物的垂向变化规律,建立了基于空间离散化的马尔可夫(Markov)链理论数学模型及垂向归趋极限.研究结果表明,基于空间离散化的马尔可夫(Markov)链理论数学模型及垂向归趋极限能够很好地模拟区域土壤剖面多环芳烃(菲)的垂向变化特征,并有迁移规律的识别功能.     

凝固分散液液微萃取-HPLC法测定水中萘芴菲

建立了凝固分散液液微萃取(SFO-DLLME)-高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定水中萘、芴和菲的新方法。以1-十二醇为萃取剂,甲醇为分散剂,优化了影响SFO-DLLME萃取效率的因素。在最佳条件下,萘、芴和菲的检出限分别为0.011、0.056、0.049μg/L,萘的线性范围为0.1~50.0μg/L,芴和菲的线性范围为1.0~500μg/L。实际水样加标回收率78.6%~95.1%,相对标准偏差(n=5)3.9%~7.2%。方法简便快速,灵敏度高,环境友好,成功用于实际水样分析。     

聚乙烯醇/累托石复合载体固定菲降解菌的研究

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)、累托石、海藻酸钠(SA)作为固定化载体材料,硼酸和氯化钙作为交联剂,将菲的降解菌(茄镰孢菌)包埋制备固定化微生物小球.考察了累托石、海藻酸钠、氯化钙的用量,微生物包埋量,PVA投加量,交联时间等因素对微生物小球活性的影响,及固定化茄镰孢菌小球的机械强度和传质性能.结果表明,聚乙烯醇和累托石复合载体可作为包埋固定微生物(茄镰孢菌)的优良材料.适量使用累托石,不仅可增加固定化微生物小球的机械强度,而且可增强小球的传质性能.     

Adsorption of Gas-Phase Phenanthrene on Atmospheric Water and Ice Films

The adsorption of gas-phase phenanthrene on atmospheric water and ice films was investigated in a flow-tube reactor with a view to understanding the processing of semi-volatile organic compounds by fog and snow. Air-water (ice) interface partition constants were obtained by measuring the mass uptake of phenanthrene vapor on thin water and ice films with varying thickness. Adsorption enthalpies and entropies were obtained from the temperature dependence of the interfacial partition constants. The surface adsorption is the predominant mechanism for the uptake of phenanthrene in water and ice films with small film thickness or at low temperature. The adsorption of phenanthrene to ice resembles that to sub-cooled water and there's no significant difference between the adsorption of phenanthrene to water and that to quasi liquid layer (QLL) if we take into account the uncertainties on the thermodynamic quantities measured. Molecular dynamics simulations of phenanthrene at air/water and air/ice interfaces support these experimental observations. The interfacial air-water and air-ice partition constants of phenanthrene increased greatly in the presence of surface-active substances, indicating that surface active materials effectively enhanced the uptake of organic compounds by atmospheric water and ice films.     

主要腐殖型凝析气藏的成熟度特征

凝析气约占中国已发现天然气资源的1/3,腐殖型凝析气是其重要组成部分。前人基于模拟实验,对腐殖型凝析气的成熟度分布范围进行过研究,但其结果差异较大,需用实际资料进行验证。经统计分析国内外主要腐殖型凝析气藏的156个凝析气甲烷碳同位素、72个凝析油甲基菲比值和甲基菲指数数据,结合腐殖型有机质生烃演化模式,发现腐殖型凝析气成熟度主要为R_o=0.57%~1.36%,在R_o=0.49%~0.57%和R_o=1.36%~2.28%时也具有一定的生气潜力。处于这3个阶段的腐殖型烃源岩均可排出凝析气,经运移聚集,可形成常规凝析气藏,留在烃源岩内部的可形成页岩凝析气藏。其中,R_o=0.57%~1.36%的腐殖型凝析气藏是重要的勘探目标区。     

Isolation and Characterization of Phenanthrene-Degrading Bacteria from PAHs Contaminated Mangrove Sediment of Thane Creek in Mumbai,India

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including phenanthrene, are commonly found as pollutants in soils, estuarine, and sediments, as well as in terrestrial and other aquatic ecosystems. In this context, the phenanthrene-degrading bacteria were isolated and characterized in contaminated mangrove surface sediment, on the coast of Thane Creek, Mumbai, India by enrichment method, using phenanthrene as the sole source of carbon and energy. The phylogenetic diversity of the isolates were evaluated by 16S rRNA gene analysis and characterized as Bacillus mojavensis strain KSS001, Bacillus firmus strain KSS002, Bacillus flexus strain KSS003, Bacillus vietnamensis strain KSS004, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain KSS005. Each isolate was grown on the phenanthrene up to 100 mg/L and the biodegradation ability was evidenced using a gas chromatography–flame ionization detector. Further, the mean value of phenanthrene degradation by 5 bacterial isolates after incubation in mineral salt medium for 7 days was 63% at 100 mg/L. The study reports that mangrove sediments of Thane Creek, Mumbai, contain a diverse population of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria that have the potential and capability to degrade PAHs contaminated sites, and are consequently recommended for bioremediation.     

针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸行为与热力学研究

采用批量振荡吸附平衡法设计针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸试验,对比研究了针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸行为,并考察了不同K⁺浓度的溶液对蒙脱石吸附菲的影响,比较分析了线性吸附模型和Freundlich吸附模型描述矿物吸附等温线的准确性,并从吸附热力学角度探讨了矿物的吸附机理。结果表明:针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸均表现出明显的非线性和解吸滞后现象; 相对于线性吸附模型来说,针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸更符合Freundlich吸附模型; 与蒙脱石相比,针铁矿对菲的吸附更为显著,且具有更好的稳定性; 溶液中软阳离子K⁺的存在使蒙脱石对菲的吸附能力得到显著提高; 菲在蒙脱石和针铁矿上的吸附过程是一个自发放热,同时伴随着熵值减小的过程; 随着温度的升高,蒙脱石和针铁矿对菲的吸附能力均减弱。     

水稻秸秆和椰壳生物质碳对菲的吸附动力学对比

以水稻秸秆为前驱物质,在700 ℃高温条件下酸处理制备含灰分和去除灰分的2种水稻秸秆生物质碳吸附剂; 对这2种生物质碳的内部结构与表面形态进行粒度与扫描电镜显微观察与分析,并与椰壳生物质碳进行对比; 然后,以菲为目标污染物,采用批处理试验方法,系统考察上述3种生物质碳对菲的吸附性能及其结构特征的异同。结果表明:酸处理制成的去除灰分水稻秸秆生物质碳有效提高了比表面积、孔容与碳含量; 水稻秸秆生物质碳对菲的吸附能力很强,并且吸附率很快,在1 min内吸附率就可达到70%; 上述3种生物质碳对菲的吸附能很好地遵循伪二级动力学方程,而且伪二级吸附速率常数随菲初始质量浓度的增大而逐渐减小,说明其主要受颗粒内部扩散控制。由此可见,酸处理水稻秸秆生物质碳是一种理想的污染土壤修复材料。     

Response of Poplar and Associated Fungal Endophytic Communities to a PAH Contamination Gradient

Microbial populations associated to poplar are well described in non-contaminated and metal-contaminated environments but more poorly in the context of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. This study aimed to understand how a gradient of phenanthrene (PHE) contamination affects poplar growth and the fungal microbiome in both soil and plant endosphere (roots, stems and leaves). Plant growth and fitness parameters indicated that the growth of Populus canadensis was impaired when PHE concentration increased above 400 mg kg⁻¹. Values of alpha-diversity indicators of fungal diversity and richness were not affected by the PHE gradient. The PHE contamination had a stronger impact on the fungal community composition in the soil and root compartments compared to that of the aboveground organs. Most of the indicator species whose relative abundance was correlated with PHE contamination decreased along the gradient indicating a toxic effect of PHE on these fungal OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units). However, the relative abundance of some OTUs such as Cadophora, Alternaria and Aspergillus, potentially linked to PHE degradation or being plant-beneficial taxa, increased along the gradient. Finally, this study allowed a deeper understanding of the dual response of plant and fungal communities in the case of a soil PAH contamination gradient leading to new perspectives on fungal assisted phytoremediation.