柘林水电厂B厂机组全水头稳定性试验及分析

在长达一年多的时间里,对柘林水电厂B厂两台机组进行了28台次试验,全面掌握了机组各水头下尾水锥管、顶盖和涡壳中的压力脉动情况,以及对机组安全稳定运行的影响。     

FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION AND DAMAGE IN SIEVE-TRAY COLUMNS

Certain failures in absorption and distillation columns are attributed to flow induced vibrations. Mechanisms by which column pressure pulsations can occur are discussed. The mechanism most closely linked to the damage conditions is identified and its limits and characteristics defined. Interaction between the pulsation phenomenon and the mechanical damage is discussed.     

抽水蓄能电站输水系统水力振荡可能性分析

抽水蓄能电站输水系统布置复杂,机组工况多且转换频繁,因水泵水轮机不稳定流动导致输水系统振荡甚至产生共振的可能性较大。本研究旨在分析水泵水轮机各种不稳定因素与输水系统发生共振的可能性。首先总结了水泵水轮机尾水管涡、旋转失速等不稳定流动的发生工况和频率范围;其次以某抽水蓄能电站为例,采用传递矩阵法计算输水系统自振频率特性,发现尾水管涡和旋转失速频率与系统频率重叠,有引起共振可能性;进一步以尾水管涡扰动作为振源对输水系统进行强迫振荡分析,得出系统沿线的压力振荡幅值分布。研究表明,尾水涡带和旋转失速最可能导致系统水力共振,某些电站出力波动可能与此有关;S区振荡也可能引起强烈的水力振荡,造成机组过渡过程事故;动静干涉、卡门涡是高频振动,主要影响水轮机压力脉动,可导致转轮结构共振和破坏,与输水系统共振的可能性小。     

水泵水轮机水泵断电飞逸过程压力脉动CFD模拟

水泵断电导叶拒动导致机组飞逸是抽水蓄能电站的危险过渡过程,伴随水锤压强、水轮机流态、压力脉动、转轮受力发生剧烈波动,研究中必须综合考虑。由于常规过渡过程模拟只能考虑水锤波动,目前对后面几种特性缺乏了解。本文采用一维输水系统和三维水轮机耦合的CFD模拟方法,针对某模型抽水蓄能系统进行水泵断电飞逸过渡过程模拟。分析了流量、转速、转轮受力的宏观参数变化,发现在鞍形区及水轮机S区波动剧烈;分析了测点压强变化,发现整个过渡过程中压力脉动频率复杂,有高频低幅、高频高幅、中频中幅、低频高幅四类,在鞍形区及S区压力脉动幅值大,正常运行区附近幅值小;结合流态分析,发现高频脉动产生于动静干涉,中低频脉动来源于旋转失速和尾水管涡。     

基于EEMD和HT的轴流泵压力脉动特征信息提取

压力脉动是影响轴流泵运行稳定性的重要因素,为提取其压力脉动信号中的特征信息,提出了采用基于聚合经验模式分解(EEMD)和Hilbert变换(HT)的时频分析方法对轴流泵压力脉动信号进行分析。首先分别应用EEMD和传统经验模式分解(EMD)对含噪声信号进行了分析,证明了EEMD分解能抑制传统EMD中出现的模式混叠现象,从而有效提取了信号中的各频率分量;然后采用基于EEMD和Hilbert变换的时频分析方法,对某轴流泵的压力脉动信号进行了分析。研究结果表明,该方法能够准确地提取轴流泵压力脉动信号中的频率成分及其时变情况。     

Enhancement of the liquid feed distribution in gas‐solid fluidized beds by nozzle pulsations (induced by solenoid valve)

In this work, it was found that spray nozzles pulsations greatly improved the liquid feed spray distribution on fluidized bed particles. Pulsating a spray nozzle doubled its nozzle performance index at various operating conditions. The objective of this study was to impose fluctuations of well‐defined frequency and amplitude on the liquid spray to investigate potentially beneficial effects of fluctuations on the liquid feed distribution on the particles in the fluidized bed. Three sets of experiments were conducted to study the quality of the spray jet‐bed interaction using a conductance probe method. The jet penetration for each experiment was calculated theoretically. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

Experiments of Two-phase Flow Dynamics of Marine Reactor Behavior under Heaving Motion

Two-phase flow dynamics of a marine propulsion reactor—of the steam generator in particular—subjected to heaving acceleration were studied on a small-scale rig simulating the primary and secondary circuits of those of N. S. Mutsu. To impart the heaving acceleration, the rig was mounted on a suspended platform oscillated in vertical direction by hydraulic device. Heaving acceleration applied to this rig proved the responding variations of circulating flow, of evaporator steam void fraction and of downcomer water level to be proportional in amplitude to that of the acceleration. The circulating flow was found to pulsate with phase lag behind the heaving acceleration indicative of a second order lag function. Constriction of flow channel downstream of the evaporator—producing resistance against flow amounting to 1.15 times that of the entire loop—proved to amplify significantly the responding pulsations of circulating flow. The pulsations were conversely appreciably diminished by the insertion of a second channel constriction upstream of evaporator—producing 2.7 times loop resistance. When devoid of heaving acceleration, with insertion of flow constriction downstream of evaporator, circulating flow was indicated to be controlled by density wave oscillation, whereas upon application of heaving acceleration, the flow came to be controlled by the external acceleration.     

Spectral Analysis of Pulsations in Flow Velocity Measured by an Acoustic Anemometer

The velocities of a gas-air flow measured by an acoustic anemometer, understood as a random process, are investigated. Such random components of the anemometer error as the measurement error and turbulent pulsations of the air flow are considered and their spectral composition is investigated. An experimentally obtained transient response of the acoustic anemometer along with a theoretical expression of the response in an approximation of the unit-step function by an inertial unit are presented.     

Numerical and experimental study on flow-induced noise at blade-passing frequency in centrifugal pumps

With the increasing noise pollution, low noise optimization of centrifugal pimps has become a hot topic. However, experimental study on this problem is unacceptable for industrial applications due to unsustainable cost. A hybrid method that couples computational fluid dynamics （CFD） with computational aeroacoustic software is used to predict the flow-induced noise of pumps in order to minimize the noise of centrifugal pumps in actual projects. Under Langthjem＇s assumption that the blade surface pressure is the main flow-induced acoustic source in centrifugal pumps, the blade surface pressure pulsation is considered in terms of the acoustical sources and simulated using CFX software. The pressure pulsation and noise distribution in the near-cutoff region are examined for the blade-passing frequency （BPF） noise, and the sound pressure level （SPL） reached peaks near the cutoff that corresponded with the pressure pulsation in this region. An experiment is performed to validate this prediction. Four hydrophones are fixed to the inlet and outlet ports of the test pump to measure the flow-induced noise from the four-port model. The simulation results for the noise are analyzed and compared with the experimental results. The variation in the calculated noise with changes in the flow agreed well with the experimental results. When the flow rate was increased, the SPL first decreased and reached the minimum near the best efficient point （BEP）; it then increased when the flow rate was further increased. The numerical and experimental results confirmed that the BPF noise generated by a blade-rotating dipole roughly reflects the acoustic features of centrifugal pumps. The noise simulation method in current study has a good feasibility and suitability, which could be adopted in engineering design to predict and optimize the hydroacoustic behavior of centrifugal pumps.     

Response of cricket and spider motion-sensing hairs to airflow pulsations

Closed-form analytical solutions are presented for the angular displacement, velocity and acceleration of motion-sensing filiform hairs exposed to airflow pulsations of short time duration. The specific situations of interest correspond to a spider intentionally moving towards a cricket, or an insect unintentionally moving towards or flying past a spider. The trichobothria of the spider Cupiennius salei and the cercal hairs of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus are explored. Guided by earlier work, the spatial characteristics of the velocity field due to a flow pulsation are approximated by the local incompressible flow field due to a moving sphere. This spatial field is everywhere modulated in time by a Gaussian function represented by the summation of an infinite Fourier series, thus allowing an exploration of the spectral dependence of hair motion. Owing to their smaller total inertia, torsional restoring constant and total damping constant, short hairs are found to be significantly more responsive than long hairs to a flow pulsation. It is also found that the spider trichobothria are underdamped, while the cercal hairs of the cricket are overdamped. As a consequence, the spider hairs are more responsive to sudden air motions. Analysis shows that while two spiders of different characteristic sizes and lunge velocities can generate pulsations with comparable energy content, the associated velocity fields display different patterns of spatial decay with distance from the pulsation source. As a consequence, a small spider lunging at a high velocity generates a smaller telltale far-field velocity signal than a larger spider lunging at a lower velocity. The results obtained are in broad agreement with several of the observations and conclusions derived from combined flow and behavioural experiments performed by Casas et al. for running spiders, and by Dangles et al. for spiders and a physical model of spiders lunging at crickets.