Formulation of sage essential oil (Salvia officinalis,L.) monoterpenes into chitosan hydrogels and permeation study with GC-MS analysis

This study deals with the formulation of natural drugs into hydrogels. For the first time, compounds from the sage essential oil were formulated into chitosan hydrogels. A sample preparation procedure for hydrophobic volatile analytes present in a hydrophilic water matrix along with an analytical method based on the gas chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and applied for the evaluation of the identity and quantity of essential oil components in the hydrogels and saline samples. The experimental results revealed that the chitosan hydrogels are suitable for the formulation of sage essential oil. The monoterpene release can be effectively controlled by both chitosan and caffeine concentration in the hydrogels. Permeation experiment, based on a hydrogel with the optimized composition [3.5% (w/w) sage essential oil, 2.0% (w/w) caffeine, 2.5% (w/w) chitosan and 0.1% (w/w) Tween-80] in donor compartment, saline solution in acceptor compartment, and semi-permeable cellophane membrane, demonstrated the useful permeation selectivity. Here, (according to lipophilicity) an enhanced permeation of the bicyclic monoterpenes with antiflogistic and antiseptic properties (eucalyptol, camphor and borneol) and, at the same time, suppressed permeation of toxic thujone (not exceeding its permitted applicable concentration) was observed. These properties highlight the pharmaceutical importance of the developed chitosan hydrogel formulating sage essential oil in the dermal applications.     

Effect of relative humidity and light conditions on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil blends stabilised with synthetic and natural antioxidants

The effect of relative humidity (RH) and light conditions on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil (SO) stabilised with oleoresin rosemary + ascorbyl palmitate (SOR), sage + ascorbyl palmitate (SOS) and tertiary butyl hydroquinone (SOT) was investigated. The SO without additive (SOC) served as positive control. Oil samples were subjected to 3 RH (29%, 52% and 75%) and two light conditions (dark, D and fluorescent light (600 lx), L) at 60 °C for 7 days. The oxidative stability was monitored by peroxide value (PV), conjugated diene value (CDV), free fatty acids (FFAs) and Rancimat induction period (IP). A direct relationship was noted between RH and increase in PV, CDV and FFA levels irrespective of light conditions. The detrimental effect of light on the oxidative stability was prominently noted at higher RH (75%) which followed an order: SOC > SOT > SOR > SOS. The samples stored under lower RH (29% and 52%), and dark conditions were better stabilised than light‐exposed counterparts.     

从香紫苏油中分离提纯芳樟醇和乙酸芳樟酯工艺的研究

采用真空间歇精馏技术,通过变换操作工艺条件,对香紫苏油进行分离得到芳樟醇和乙酸芳樟酯产品.考虑原料的热敏性制定出适宜的分离方案:首先在操作压力为1.5kPa条件下对原料进行初步分离,得到富含芳樟醇的轻馏分和富含乙酸芳樟酯的重馏分两个原料;再分别对轻馏分和重馏分进行不同条件下的真空间歇精馏,可以使芳樟醇的含量达到90.6%,乙酸芳樟酯的含量达到96.6%,满足两产品的不同需求.在提纯轻馏分中芳樟醇时,操作压力为5kPa,塔釜温度小于105℃;在提纯重馏分中乙酸芳樟酯时,操作系统压力为1.33kPa,塔釜温度低于110℃.此分离操作工艺,缩短了乙酸芳樟酯的受热时间、降低了分离温度以及乙酸芳樟酯因受热而异构化的趋势,降低了能耗.     

Monoterpenoid content of sage grouse ingesta

We tested the hypothesis that the monoterpenoid levels in the ingesta from various digestive organs of sage grouse are less than that expected from the big sagebrush leaves ingested. Results supported the hypothesis. Dramatic reductions occurred between the gizzard and duodenum. Monoterpenoid levels in the ceca were nil; thus adverse effects of monoterpenoids on ceca microbes would also be nil.The use of trade or firm names in this paper is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service.     

Effects of foliar fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on Salvia officinalis L. growth,antioxidant capacity,and essential oil composition

BACKGROUND: The effect of foliar fertilization and Glomus intraradices inoculation on the growth, qualitative and quantitative pattern of essential oil in Salvia officinalis was determined. Sage plants were grown in a glass house on a soil/sand mixture (w/w = 3:1). Agroleaf^® total, N:P:K = 20:20:20 + microelements, was used at the whole vegetative growth stage as a 0.3% solution. Inoculation with Glomus intraradices was done at the sowing stage. RESULTS: Application of foliar fertilization and/or mycorrhizal colonization improved dry biomass accumulation and increased the content of antioxidant metabolites (ascorbate and reduced glutathione). Applied treatments lowered the activities of the antioxidants enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, while guaiacol peroxidase increased. The relative quantity of essential oil pattern was also altered as a result of the applied treatments. Combined application (FF + Gi) significantly promoted 1,8‐cineole and α‐thujone, mycorrhizal colonization enhanced bornyl acetate, 1,8‐cineole, α‐ and β‐thujones, while foliar fertilization increased bornyl acetate and camphor. The favorable effect of root colonization by Glomus intraradices was determined both on quantitative and qualitative pattern of sage essential oil. CONCLUSION: We conclude that inoculation with Glomus intraradices resulted in improved essential oil yield and quality, while combined application of foliar fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi predominantly enhanced shoot biomass accumulation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antimicrobial effectiveness of oregano and sage essential oils incorporated into whey protein films or cellulose‐based filter paper

BACKGROUND: In this study the antimicrobial effectiveness of oregano and sage essential oils (EOs) incorporated into two different matrices, whey protein isolate (WPI) and cellulose‐based filter paper, was analysed. RESULTS: Antimicrobial properties of WPI‐based films containing oregano and sage EOs were tested against Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. Oregano EO showed antimicrobial activity against all three micro‐organisms. The highest inhibition zones were against L. innocua. However, sage EO did not show antimicrobial activity against any of the micro‐organisms. Antimicrobial activity was confirmed for both EOs using cellulose‐based filter paper as supporting matrix, although it was significantly more intense for oregano EO. Inhibition surfaces were significantly greater when compared with those of the WPI films. This finding is likely due to the higher porosity and diffusivity of the active compounds in the filter paper. CONCLUSION: The interactions between the EOs and the films have a critical effect on the diffusivity of the active compounds and therefore on the final antimicrobial activity. As a result, to obtain active edible films, it is necessary to find the equilibrium point between the nature and concentration of the active compounds in the EO and the formulation of the film. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antibacterial activity of different essential oils obtained from spices widely used in Mediterranean diet

Raw and processed foods are open to contamination during their production, sale and distribution. At present, therefore, a wide variety of chemical preservatives are used throughout the food industry to prevent the growth of food spoiling bacteria. However health and economic considerations have led to a search for alternatives, such as essentials oils that can safely be used as substitutes for fungicides and bactericides to partially or completely inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria. The aim of this work was to determine the effectiveness of the essentials oils from oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) on the growth of some bacteria commonly used in the food industry, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus sakei, Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus xylosus or related to food spoilage Enterobacter gergoviae, Enterobacter amnigenus. The agar disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activities of the oils. All six essential oils analysed had an inhibitory effect on the six tested bacteria. Oregano essential oil showed the highest inhibition effect followed by cumin and clove.     

基于CAN总线的热计量收费系统的研究

本文介绍一种基于CAN总线的智能化小区热计量表自动抄收与管理系统（软硬件）的设计方案，分析其主要的功能与设计构思。     

Antimutagenic activities of some foods

There has been a recent increase in research into the possible ways of protecting individuals from cancer by making changes in dietary habits. In this study raw and boiled juice and leaf and dried seeds of Urtica sp, Stachys annula, sage, rosehip, grape molasses and tarhana were not found mutagenic in S typhimurium TA 100. All of the foods decreased sodium azide mutagenicity in S typhimurium TA 100. Among the foods tested, raw Urtica sp (46.32%) and rosehip (44.03%) showed the highest antimutagenic effect followed by leaf of Urtica sp (41.25%), boiled juice of Urtica sp (37.22%), Stachys annula (36.42%), grape molasses (33.03%) and tarhana (28.60%), respectively. The antimutagenic activities of Urtica sp and rosehip were found to be significantly higher than the antimutagenic activity of tarhana (p<0.01). © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry