不同干燥方式下沙丁鱼干燥特性的比较

为了研究不同干燥方式对沙丁鱼干燥特性的影响,采取冷风、热风、微波真空、冷风-微波真空和热风-微波真空5种干燥方式对沙丁鱼进行处理,研究不同干燥方式对沙丁鱼色泽、质构、水分变化、微观结构和干燥后对蛋白质二级结构的影响。结果表明,不同干燥方式对干制鱼肉色泽影响差异显著(p<0.05),微波真空干燥有助于提高鱼肉的亮度,并与鲜肉最为接近,冷风-微波真空在色度方面表现良好;不同干燥方式对质构影响显著(p<0.05),干燥方式中,微波真空干燥方式有降低硬度、咀嚼度;微观结构中热风和冷风处理后的肌肉纤维紧密,冷风-微波真空处理后的肌肉呈现疏松且密集的网状;干燥使得不易流动水大量流失,水分发生迁移,微波真空与热风-微波真空、冷风-微波真空干燥使肌肉纤维疏松;同时,干燥破坏了蛋白质二级结构,使得α-螺旋向β-折叠、无规则卷曲转化,冷风干燥对其二级结构的影响程度最小,结果为沙丁鱼的生产加工提供理论依据。     

Antioxidant and antihypertensive hydrolysates obtained from by-products of cannery sardine and brewing industries

Hydrolysates with antioxidant and antihypertensive activities were obtained from sarcoplasmic proteins of canned sardine by-product and proteases extracted from Brewer’s spent yeast. Using response surface methodology, hydrolysis time and temperature were selected to achieve the maximum bioactivity. Hydrolysates produced using the substrate/enzyme ratio 1:0.27 (mg/U), 7 h and 50ºC, presenting an angiotensin I-converting enzyme-inhibitory activity of 164 µg protein/mL and an antioxidant activity of 293 μM TE/mL. Experimental results agreed with predicted values within a 95% confidence interval. Within this work the simultaneous valorisation of two agro-industrial by-products was successfully achieved.     

The effects of soluble gas stabilisation on the quality of packed sardine fillets (Sardina pilchardus) stored in air,VP and MAP

Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) is a species that for its abundance assumes great importance in the Portuguese fishing sector. In order to contribute for a better utilisation of this species, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the pre‐treatment with soluble gas stabilisation (SGS) (100% CO₂ at 2 bar, during 15 and 30 min) on the quality and shelf‐life of sardine fillets, packed in air (AP), vacuum (VP) and modified atmosphere (MAP: 5% O₂/35% CO₂/60% N₂). During the chilled storage, the quality changes were evaluated by sensory evaluation, chemical and microbiological analysis. The total volatile basic nitrogen content remained almost constant, between 16 and 19 mg N/100 g muscle, during the storage period, for all samples. The TBARs values increased with storage time, for all batches and storage conditions. The application of SGS treatment to sardine fillets, resulted in a bacteriostatic effect, contributing to the improvement of the microbiological quality of fillets. Considering a sensory criteria, the shelf‐life of SGS pre‐treated sardine fillets was found to be 5 days in AP and MAP while in VP‐treated fillets a shelf‐life of 8 days was reported. At sensory rejection, sardine fillets presented a K‐value of 30% in AP and MAP batches and 40% in VP batch.     

Antioxidant synergy of α-tocopherol and phospholipids

The prevention of oxidation of a refined sardine oil by α-tocopherol at 0.04%, by several phospholipids [phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and cardiolipin (CL)] at 0.5%, as well as by combinations of α-tocopherol with each phospholipid, was investigated. The evolution of the oxidation process during 1 mon at 40±2°C was followed by a series of methods, measuring peroxide value (PV), diene, triene, and polyene index, and absorbance at 430 nm, while α-tocopherol and phospholipid content were being monitoried. Among these indices, PV was found to be the most adequate to follow the process. PC was the most effective individual antioxidant as shown by the PV values obtained at the end of the storage period, which were 54.0, 83.4, 87.9, and 97.7 meq O₂/kg for PC, CL, PE, and α-tocopherol, respectively. The highest synergistic effect was obtained with a mixture of α-tocopherol and PE, and the second and third best by mixtures made with PC and CL, respectively. The corresponding PV values recorded at the end of the period were 27.0, 35.0, and 58.0 meq O₂/kg. The high degree of synergy between PE and tocopherol is probably due to the occurrence of a simultaneous antioxidant mechanism involving Maillard compounds.     

Effect of frozen storage of hake,sardine and mixed minces on natural actomyosin extracted in salt solutions

Natural actomyosin extracted in salt solutions from mixtures of hake and sardine minces (3:1; 1:1 and 1:3 w/w) stored frozen for up to 1 year differed in the amount extracted and in the characteristics of the extracts. In the mixed minces the amount of natural actomyosin extracted decreased during frozen storage at a higher rate than that theoretically corresponding to the amount of hake in the mixes. With increasing storage time and proportion of sardine a lower percentage of myosin heavy chain and actin was observed by electrophoresis. An increased size of aggregates was also observed by electrophoresis and transmission electron microscopy. The stability of emulsions was enhanced when aggregates appeared in the extracts. The decrease in the amount of natural actomyosin extracted does not explain the changes observed in the texture of the minces during frozen storage. This may indicate that the size of the aggregates unextractable in salt solutions, independently of the type of bonds that bind the proteins in the aggregates, plays an important role in the textural changes observed. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

A novel compound, 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from oleic acid by bioconversion

Sixty-two cultures from the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Culture Collection and 10 cultures isolated from soil and water samples in Illinois were screened for their ability to convert agricultural oils to value-added industrial chemicals. A new compound, 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD), was produced from oleic acid at a yield of greater than 60% by bacterial strain PR3 which was isolated from a water sample in Morton, IL. To our knowledge, DOD has not been previously reported. The optimum time, pH and temperature for the production of DOD were 2 days, 7.0, and 30°C, respectively. The production of DOD is unique in that it involves hydroxylation at two positions and rearrangement of the double bond of the substrate molecule.     

Oxidative stabilities of triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions of cooked Japanese sardine meat during low temperature storage

Changes in triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) compositions of cooked Japanese sardine meats as such or with prior addition of ethylene diaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) or a combination of nitrite and ascorbate were evaluated during chilled storage using gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The TAG molecular species compositions remained unchanged, while certain species of PL molecular species changed during storage at 2 °C for 14 days. The PL containing polyunsaturated fatty acids were highly susceptible to autoxidation. The PL fractions play an important role in oxidative rancidity and development of off-flavor in cooked sardine meat, while TAG fraction plays a minor role in the oxidative deterioration of the meat. Changes in peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values were also monitored. Added EDTA was not effective in controlling the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxide throughout the storage period. However, a combination of NaNO₂ and ascorbate not only suppressed the formation but also the decomposition of the primary oxidation products.     

Textural and Microstructural Changes in Frozen Stored Sardine Mince Gels

The freezing of sardine mince gels produced slight alterations in texture, microstructure and degree of chemical aggregation of proteins, irrespective of freezing temperature (– 18°C or – 40°C). The most noticeable changes took place during frozen storage 3 mo, particularly in gels frozen at – 18°C which were strongly affected by storage temperature (– 12°C or – 18°C), unlike those frozen at – 40°C. Better gel integrity was found in those frozen at – 40°C, where cavities were more numerous, but smaller and more evenly distributed than in gels frozen at – 18°C.     

Alternative fish species for cold-smoking process

Suitability of sardine (lean and fatty), dolphinfish and blue whiting for cold-smoking was evaluated. Stable water-holding capacity was observed in dolphinfish and blue whiting, but this tended to decrease in sardine throughout the storage. The 2-thiobarbituric acid index was not suitable for lipid oxidation measure in these smoked fishes and rancid flavours were only detected in sardine at the end of storage period. Total volatile basic nitrogen tended to increase in all three species. Lactic acid bacteria became the dominant microflora and Enterobacteriaceae did not show any growth. A bacteriostatic effect of at least 21 days was observable in all the smoked species. Sensory shelf life was 11 weeks for both types of sardine and 9 weeks for dolphinfish and blue whiting. Softening of muscle tissue and the development of bitter and off flavours were the main causes of rejection. Smoking as a processing technology can be used to add value to excess sardine and dolphinfish catches, due to sensory acceptability ratings. In contrast, the blue whiting was not suitable for smoking due to unacceptable soft texture, a characteristic of this species.     

Purification and biochemical characterization of chymotrypsin from the viscera of Monterey sardine (Sardinops sagax caeruleus)

Chymotrypsin was isolated from the viscera of Monterey sardine by ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration, and ionic exchange chromatography. The approximate molecular weight was 26,000 and its isoelectric point was about 5. Identity as chymotrypsin was established by its catalytic specificity for amide or ester bonds on the synthetic substrates succinyl-l-ala-ala-pro-l-pheilalanine-p-nitroanilide and benzoyl-l-tyrosine-ethyl-ester, showing esterase activity 3.2-fold higher than amidase. It was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl-fluoride and soybean trypsin inhibitor, partly inhibited by the specific chymotrypsin inhibitor N-toluenesulfonyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl-ketone, but not inhibited by EDTA or Benzamidine. Chymotrypsin showed its maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 50 °C for the hydrolysis of SAAPNA. The Michaelis–Menten constant was 0.074 mM with a catalysis constant of 18.6 seg⁻¹, and catalytic efficiency of 252 seg⁻¹ mM⁻¹. Results indicated that Monterey sardine chymotrypsin is a good catalyst and could be used as a biotechnological tool in food processing and using sardine industry wastes as a material for production of fine reagents.